This chapter focuses on laws that regulate marine capture fisheries. It first provides a brief overview of the current state of world fisheries resources before introducing a systematic and flexible analytical framework for assessing and comparing the regulation of marine capture fisheries. In particular, it considers key regulatory instruments that address the problem of overfishing, along with criteria for designing and narrowing down possible scopes of comparisons. Based on this approach, the chapter compares the fisheries laws of Japan, New Zealand, and the European Union, with emphasis on scope, competence order, and central legislative acts as well as the regulation of the management process. It also explores laws and policies that affect the functioning and effectiveness of fisheries rules before concluding with a discussion of commonalities and differences, system specificities, and specific shortcomings.