Fluid inclusions are found within mineral crystals or along grain boundaries in many sedimentary rocks, notably in evaporite formations, and can migrate along a thermal or hydro-mechanical gradient. Shale and salt rocks have been considered potential host rocks for radioactive waste disposal, due to their low permeability. Previously stagnant inclusions may become mobilised by a perturbation of the in situ state by a geotechnical installation or the emplacement of heat-generating waste. The migration of fluid inclusions can thus have important impacts on the long-term performance of a geologic repository for high-level radioactive waste disposal. As a part of the international research project DECOVALEX-2019, two aspects of fluid inclusion migration in rock salt are currently investigated under different boundary conditions: a) altered hydro-mechanical conditions as a consequence of tunnel excavation or borehole drilling and b) coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical conditions during the heating period of the post-closure phase of a repository.

To obtain a mechanistic understanding of underlying physical processes for fluid inclusion migration, a multi-scale modelling strategy has been developed. Microscale hydraulic and time-dependent mechanical conditions related to the creep behaviour of rock salt are constrained by considering the macroscale stress evolution of an underground excavation. An analysis using a coupled two-phase flow and elasto-plastic model with a consideration of permeability variation indicates that a pathway dilation along the halite grain boundary may increase the permeability by two orders of magnitude. The calculated high flow velocity may explain the fast pressure build-up observed in the field. In addition, a mathematical model for the migration and morphological evolution of a single fluid inclusion under a thermal gradient has been formulated. A first-order analysis of the model leads to a simple mathematical expression that is able to explain the key observations of thermally driven inclusion migration in salt. Finally, numerical methods such as a phase field method for solving a moving boundary problem of fluid inclusion migration have also been explored.