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Dr. Ingolf Kühn

Research interests

I am vegetation scientist with some experience in floristics, taxonomy and systematics in my past life. Now I went for something completely different: The primary work at the department deals with plant invasions and their relevance for the diversity of plant species. Therefore, I analyse land use patterns, environmental parameters and plant species distribtion on a macroecological scale. Another focus are biological and ecological traits of invasive plants. Thus I model and administrate the "Database on Biological and Ecological Traits of the Flora of Germany (BiolFlor) that was prepared by many collaborators at our department. Additionally, I am interested in patterns and processes of plant diversity in urbanised areas.
Recently, I broadened up my area of research to include distribution patterns under global change.
Methodologically, I am interested in methods to account for spatial and phylogenetic non-independence (autocorrelation).

During my academic career at the Ruhr-University of Bochum at the chair of systematic botany I worked mainly in database related projects, e. g. mapping schemes, checklist on the flora of Germany, and the Information System of Botanical Gardens in Germany (SysTax). However, my research focussed on vegetation science. My PhD thesis was about a comparison of ancient and recent forests in Westphalia in the importance of forest continuity vs soil characteristcs. As I am also highly interested in birds, I wrote my diploma thesis about the conservation value of a former military training area, regarding birds, flora, and vegetation.

Current Projects

• Regional scenarios, combined effects and management options (Cluster 1 in Topic 1 "Land Use Options - Strategies and Adaptation to Global Change" of the project oriented funding of the Helmholtz Association), cluster speaker.
• Regionalised impacts of climate change on experimental species models and species ranges for Germany (Project 1 in Cluster 2 "Impacts of Climate Change on Ecological Patterns and Processes" of Topic 1 (see above)), project leader.
• BiolFlor: a database on biological and ecological traits of the flora of Germany
• ALARM: Assessing LArge-scale environmental Risks with tested Methods (Integrated project funded by the European Union under FP 6), Deputy Coordinator
• Protected areas in Germany under climate change - risks and management options (Schutzgebiete Deutschlands im Klimawandel – Risiken und Handlungsoptionen) (Funded by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation), collaborator
• COCONUT: understanding effeCts Of land use Changes ON ecosystems to halt loss of biodiversity due to habitat destrUction, fragmenTation and degradation. (Scientific support to policies project funded by the European Union under FP 6), collaborator
• Climate and Fauna: Impacts of recent climate change on the fauna in Germany (Auswirkungen des rezenten Klimawandels auf die Fauna in Deutschland)(Funded by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation), collaborator.

Past Projects

• MACIS: Minimisation of and Adaptation to Climate change Impacts on biodiverSity (Scientific support to policies project funded by the European Union under FP 6), Coordinator
• Flora & Climate: Modelling the effect of climate change on the flora of Germany (Modellierung der Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf die Flora) (Funded by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation), Coordinator
• Virtual Institute Macroecology (Funded by the Helmholtz Association of National Research Centres, Scientific Secretary
• DAISIE: Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe (Specific targeted research project funded by the European Union under FP 6), collaborator
• INVASIONS: Das Invasionspotential gebietsfremder Arten - Identifikation, Bewertung, Risikomanagement (The Invasion Potential of Alien Species - Identification, Assessment, and Risk Management) (Funded by the Federal Ministry for Education and Research under the BioTEAM programme), Deputy Coordinator
• LEDA: A database on the life history of the Northwest European flora (Funded by the European Union under FP 5)
• Analysis of distribution patterns of species and functional groups in the UFZ research cluster "Biological invasions, dispersal processes and distribution patterns", project coordination
• Urban biodiversity in the former UFZ research cluster "Urban ecology and urban development", collaborator

Selected publications

• Settele, J., Kudrna, O., Harpke, A., Kühn, I., van Swaay, C., Verovnik, R., Warren, M., Wiemers, M., Hanspach, J., Hickler, T., Kühn, E., van Halder, I., Veling, K., Vliegenhart, A., Wynhoff, I., Schweiger, O. 2008. Climatic Risk Atlas of European Butterflies. BioRisk 1. Pensoft, Sofia (Bulgaria).
  Online version
• Dormann, C.F., Kühn, I. 2008. Statistische Analyse biologischer Daten (mit dem freien Programmpaket R). Skript, 2. Auflage. Download


• Bierman, S. M., Butler, A., Marion, G., Kühn, I. Bayesian image restoration models for combining expert knowledge on recording activity with species distribution data. Ecography, in press (doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05798.x). Reprint
• Bergmann, J., Pompe, S., Ohlemüller, R., Freiberg, M., Klotz, S., Kühn, I. The Iberian Peninsula as a potential source for the plant species pool in Germany under projected climate change. Plant Ecology, Online First (doi: 10.1007/s11258-009-9664-6). Reprint , Supplement .
• Carl, G., Kühn, I. A wavelet-based extension of generalized linear models to remove the effect of spatial autocorrelation. Geographical Analysis, accepted.
• Hammen, V.C., Biesmeijer, J.C., Bommarco, R., Budrys, E., Christensen, T.R., Fronzek, S., Grabaum, R., Jaksic, P., Klotz, S., Kramarz, P., Kröel-Dulay, G., Kühn, I., Mirtl, M., Moora, M., Petanidou, T., Pino, J., Potts, S.G., Rortais, A., Schulze, C.H., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Stout, J., Szentgyörgyi, H., Vighi, M., Vujic, A., Westphal, C., Wolf, T., Zavala, G., Zobel, M., Settele, J., Kunin, W.E. Establishment of a cross-European field site network in the ALARM project for assessing large-scale changes in biodiversity. Environmental Monitoring & Assessment, Online First (doi: 10.1007/s10661-009-0896-7). Reprint
• Knapp, S., Kühn, I., Stolle, J. & Klotz, S. 2010. Changes in the functional composition of a Central European urban flora over three centuries. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, Early Online (doi: 10.1016/j.ppees.2009.11.001). Reprint
• Küster, E.C., Durka, W., Kühn, I., Klotz, S. Differences in trait compositions of non-indigenous and native plants across Germany. Biological Invasions, Online first (doi: 10.1007/s10530-009-9603-4). Reprint
• Schweiger, O., Biesmeijer, J.C., Bommarco, R., Hickler, T., Hulme, P. E., Klotz, S., Kühn, I., Moora, M., Nielsen, A., Ohlemüller, R., Petanidou, T., Potts, S. G., Pyšek, P., Stout, J., Sykes, M. T., Tscheulin, T., Vilà, M., Walther, G.-R., Westphal, C, Winter, M., Zobel, M., Settele, J. Multiple stressors on biotic interactions: how climate change and alien species interact to affect pollination. Biological Reviews, provisionally accepted.
• Vilà, M., Basnou, C., Pyšek, P., Josefsson, M., Genovesi, P., Gollasch, S., Nentwig, W., Olenin, S., Roques, A., Roy, D., Hulme, P.E., DAISIE partners (Adriopoulos, P., Arianoutsou, M., Augustin, S., Baccetti, N., Bacher, S., Bacon, J., Bazos, I., Bolshagin, P., Bretagnolle, F., Chiron, F., Clergeau, P., Cochard, P.O., Cocquempot, C., Coeur d’Acier, A., Cooper, J., Daunys, D., David, M., Delipetrou, P., Didžiulis, V., Dorkeld, F., Essl, F., Galil, B., Gasquez, J., Georghiou, K., Gudžinskas, Z., Hatzofe, O., Hejda, M., Hill, M., Jarošík, V., Kark, S., Klotz, S., Kobelt, M., Kokkoris, Y., Kotarac, M., Kühn, I., Lambdon, P., Lange, E., Lopez-Vaamonde, C., Loustau, M.-L., Marcer, A., Martinez, M., McLoughlin, M., Migeon, A., Minchin, D., Navajas, M., Navajas, P., Olenina, I., Ostler, R., Ovcharenko, I., Panov, V.E., Papacharalambous, E., Pascal, M., Pergl, J., Perglová, I., Phillipov, A., Pino, J., Poboljsaj, K., Rabitsch, W., Rasplus, J.-Y., Rodionova, N., Roy, H., Sauvard, D., Scalera, R., Schwartz, A., Sedláček, O., Shirley, S., Trocchi, V., Winter, M., Yart, A., Yiannitsaros, A., Zagatti, P., Zikos, A.). How well do we understand the impacts of alien species on ecosystem services? A pan-European cross-taxa assessment. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, e-View Preprint (doi: 10.1890/080083). Reprint
• Winter, M., Kühn, I., La Sorte, F., Schweiger, O., Nentwig, W., Klotz, S. The role of non-native plants and vertebrates in defining patterns of compositional dissimilarity within and across continents. Global Ecology and Biogeography, accepted.


• Knapp, S., Kühn, I., Bakker, J.P., Kleyer, M., Klotz, S., Ozinga, W.A., Poschlod, P., Thompson, K., Thuiller, W., Römermann, C. 2009. How species traits and affinity to urban land use control large-scale species frequency. Diversity & Distributions 15: 533-546. Reprint
• Kühn, I., Nobis, M.P., Durka, W. 2009. Combining spatial and phylogenetic filtering in a trait analysis of plant flowering phenology in Switzerland. Global Ecology & Biogeography 18: 745-758. Reprint , Supplement
• Pyšek, P, Jarošík, V., Pergl, J., Randall, R., Chytrý, M., Kühn, I.,Tichý, L., Danihelka, J., Chrtek jun., J., Sádlo, J. The global invasion success of Central European plants is related to distribution characteristics in their native range and species traits. Diversity & Distributions 15: 891-903. Reprint
• Pyšek, P., Lambdon, P.W., Arianoutsou, M., Kühn, I., Pino, J., Winter, M. 2009. Aliens vascular plants of Europe. In DAISIE (eds.), The handbook of alien species in Europe, 43-61. Springer, Dordrecht. Reprint
• Seppelt, R., Kühn, I., Klotz, S., Kabisch, S., Schloter, M., Auge, H., Görg, C., Frank, K., Jax, K. 2009. Land Use Options - Strategies and Adaptation to Global Change. GAIA - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society 18/1: 77-80. Reprint
• Walther, G.-R., Roques, A., Hulme, P. E., Sykes, M. T., Pyšek, P., Kühn, I., Zobel, M., Bacher, S., Botta-Dukát, Z., Bugmann, H., Czúcz, B., Dauber, J., Hickler, T., Jarošík, V., Kenis, M., Klotz, S., Minchin, D., Moora, M., Nentwig, W., Ott, J., Panov, V. E., Reineking, B., Robinet, C., Semenchenko, V., Solarz, W., Thuiller, W., Vilà, M., Vohland, K., Settele, J. 2009. Alien species in a warmer world - risks and opportunities. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 24: 686-693. Reprint
• Williamson, M., Dehnen-Schmutz, K., Kühn, I., Hill, M., Klotz, S., Milbau, A., Stout, J., Pyšek, P. 2009. The distribution of range sizes of native and alien plants in four European countries and the effects of residence time. Diversity & Distributions 15: 158-166. Reprint
• Winter, M.,Schweiger, O., Klotz, S., Nentwig, W., Andriopoulos, P., Arianoutsou, M., Basnou, C., Delipetrou, P., Didziulis, V., Hejda, M., Hulme, P.E., Lambdon, P., Pergl, P., Pyšek, P., Roy, D., Kühn, I. 2009. Plant extinctions and introductions lead to phylogenetic and taxonomic homogenization of the European flora. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106: 21721-21725. Open Access.


• Brändle, M., Kühn, I., Klotz, S., Belle, C., Brandl, R. 2008. Species richness of herbivores on exotic host plants increases with time since introduction of the host. Diversity & Distributions 14: 905-912. Reprint , Supplements
• Carl, G., Dormann, C., Kühn, I. 2008. A wavelet-based method to remove spatial autocorrelation in the analysis of species distributional data. Web Ecology 8: 22-29 Reprint , R Codes
• Carl, G., Kühn, I. 2008. Analyzing spatial ecological data using linear regression and wavelet analysis. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment 22: 315-324. Reprint
• Fuentes, N., Kühn, I., Ugarte, E., Klotz, S. 2008. Alien plants in Chile. Inferring invasion periods from herbarium records. Biological Invasions 10: 649-657. Reprint
• Götzenberger, L., Kühn, I., Klotz, S. 2008. Effects of habitat disturbance and pollination type on the interspecific variation in pollen-ovule ratios. Preslia 80: 423-437. Reprint , Appendix
• Hanspach, J., Kühn, I., Pyšek, P., Boos, E., Klotz, S. 2008. Correlates of naturalization and occupancy of introduced ornamentals in Germany. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 10: 241-250. Reprint
• Hulme, P.E., Bacher, S., Kenis, M., Klotz, S., Kühn, I., Minchin, D., Nentwig, W., Olenin, O., Panov, V., Pergl, J., Pyšek, P., Roques, A., Sol, D., Solarz, W. & Vilá, M. 2008: Grasping at the routes of biological invasions: a framework for integrating pathways into policy. Journal of Applied Ecology, 45: 403–414. Reprint
• Kleyer, M., Bekker, R.M., Knevel, I.C., Bakker, J.P., Thompson, K., Sonnenschein, M., Poschlod, P., van Groenendael, J.M., Klimeš, L., Klimešová, J., Klotz, S., Rusch, G.M., Hermy, M., Adriaens, D., Boedeltje, G., Bossuyt, B., Dannemann, A., Endels, P., Götzenberger, L., Hodgson, J.G., Jackel, A-K., Kühn, I., Kunzmann, D.,Ozinga, W.A., Römermann, C., Stadler, M., Schlegelmilch, J., Steendam, H.J., Tackenberg, O., Wilmann, B., Cornelissen, J.H.C., Eriksson, O., Garnier, E., & Peco, B. 2008. The LEDA Traitbase: A database of plant life-history traits of North West European flora. Journal of Ecology 96:1266-1274. Reprint , Supplement
• Knapp, S., Kühn, I., Mosbrugger, V., Klotz, S. 2008. Do protected areas in urban and rural landscapes differ in species diversity? Biodiversity & Conservation 17:1595-1612. Reprint
• Knapp, S., Kühn, I., Schweiger, O., Klotz, S. 2008. Challenging urban species diversity: contrasting phylogenetic patterns across plant functional groups in Germany. Ecology Letters 11: 1054-1064. Reprint
• Knapp, S., Kühn, I., Wittig, R., Ozinga, W., Poschlod, P., Klotz, S. 2008. Urbanisation causes shifts of species’ trait state frequencies. Preslia 80: 375-388. Reprint
• Kühn, I., Böhning-Gaese, K., Cramer, W., Klotz, S. 2008. Macroecology meets global change research. Global Ecology & Biogeography 17: 3-4. Reprint
• Kühn, I., Sykes, M.T., Berry, P.M., Thuiller, W., Piper, J.M., Nigmann, U., Araújo, M.B., Balletto, E., Bonelli, S., Cabeza, M., Guisan, A., Hickler, T., Klotz, S., Metzger, M., Midgley, G., Musche, M., Olofsson, J., Paterson, J.S., Penev, L., Rickebusch, S., Rounsevell, M.D.A.R., Schweiger, O., Wilson, E., Settele, J. 2008. MACIS: Minimisation of and Adaptation to Climate change Impacts on biodiverSity. GAIA - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society 17/4: 393-395. Reprint
• Küster, E. C., Kühn, I., Bruelheide, H., Klotz, S. 2008. Trait interactions help explain plant invasion success in the German flora. Journal of Ecology 96: 860-868. Reprint , Supplement
  featured as Editor's choice in Journal of Ecology 96(5) Editor's choice
• Lambdon, P, Pyšek, P., Basnou, C., Arianoutsou, M., Ess, F., Hejda, M., Jarošík, V., Pergl, J., Winter, M., Anastasiu, P., Andriopoulos, P., Bazos, I., Brundu, G., Celesti-Grapow, L., Chassot, P., Delipetrou, P., Josefsson, M., Kark, S., Klotz, S., Kokkoris, Y., Kühn, I., Marchante, H., Perglová, I., Pino, J., Vilà, M., Zikos, A., Roy, D., Hulme, P. 2008. Alien flora of Europe: species diversity, temporal trends, geographical patterns and research needs. Preslia 80: 101-149. Reprint , Supplement
• Liira, L., Schmidt, T., De Cock, R., Tsipe A., Arens, P., Augenstein, I., Bailey, D., Billeter, R., Bukáček, R., Burel, F., De Blust, G., De Cock, R., Dirksen, J., Edwards, P. J., Hamerský, R., Herzog, F., Klotz, S., Kühn, I., Le Coeur, D., Miklová, P., Roubalova, M., Schweiger, O., Smulders, M.J.M., van Wingerden, W.K.R.E., Bugters, R., Zobel, M. 2008: Plant functional group composition and large-scale species richness in the agricultural landscapes of Europe. Journal of Vegetation Science 19: 3-14. Reprint
• Lososová, Z., Chytrý, M., Kühn, I. 2008. Plant attributes determining regional commonness and rarity of weeds on Central European arable land. Journal of Biogeography 35: 177-187. Reprint , Supplement
• Pompe, S., Badeck, F.-W., Hanspach, J., Klotz, S., Thuiller, W., Kühn, I. 2008. Projecting impact on plant distributions under climate change - a case study from Germany. Biology Letters 4: 564-567. Reprint , Supplement
• Pyšek, P., Lambdon, P.W., Arianoutsou, M., Kühn, I., Pino, J., Winter, M. 2009. Aliens vascular plants of Europe. In DAISIE (eds.), The handbook of alien species in Europe, 43-61. Springer, Dordrecht. Reprint
• Qian, H., McKinney, M.L., Kühn, I. 2008. Effects of introduced species on floristic similarity: comparing two US states. Basic and Applied Ecology 9: 617-625. Reprint , Supplement
• Schweiger, O., Klotz, S., Durka, W., Kühn, I. 2008. A comparative test of phylogenetic diversity indices. Oecologia 157:485-495. Reprint
• Schweiger, O., Settele, J., Kudrna, O., Klotz, S., Kühn, I. 2008. Climate change can cause spatial mismatch of trophically interacting species. Ecology 89: 3472–3479. Reprint , Appendices
• Settele, J., Spangenberg, J, Kühn, I. 2008. Large projects can create useful partnerships. Nature 453: 850. Reprint
• Sol, D., Vilá, M., Kühn, I. 2008. The comparative analysis of historical alien introductions. Biological Invasions 10: 1119-1129. Reprint
• Tautenhahn, S., Heilmeier,H., Götzenberger, L., Klotz, S., Wirth, C., Kühn, I. 2008. On the biogeography of seed mass in Germany - distribution patterns and environmental correlates. Ecography 31: 457-468. Reprint , Appendix
• Winter, M., Kühn, I. , Nentwig, W., Klotz, S. 2008. Spatial aspects of trait homogenization within the German Flora. Journal of Biogeography 12: 2289 - 2297. Reprint , Supplement


• Carl, G., Kühn, I. 2007. Analyzing spatial autocorrelation in species distributions using Gaussian and Logit models. Ecological Modelling, 207(2-4): 159-170. Reprint , R-code
• Dormann, C. F., McPherson, J. M., Araújo, M. B., Bivand, R., Bolliger, J., Carl, G., Davies, R. G., Hirzel, A., Jetz, W., Kissling, W. D., Kühn, I., Ohlemüller, R., Peres-Neto, P. R., Reineking, B., Schröder, B., Schurr, F. M., Wilson, R. 2007. Methods to account for spatial autocorrelation in the analysis of species distributional data: a review. Ecography 30: 609-628. Reprint , R-codes , data
• Götzenbeger, L., Durka, W., Kühn, I., Klotz, S. 2007. The relationship of pollen-ovule ratio and seed size – another comparative test of a sex allocation hypothesis. Evolutionary Ecology Research 9: 1145-1161. Reprint
• Kühn, I. 2007. Incorporating spatial autocorrelation may invert observed patterns. Diversity & Distributions, 13: 66-69. Reprint , electronic appendix
• Kühn, I. and Klotz, S. 2007. From Ecosystem invasibility to local, regional and global patterns of invasive species. In Nentwig, W. (ed.), Biological invasions. Ecological Studies 193: 181-196. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer. Reprint
• Settele, J, Kühn, I., Klotz, S., Hammen, V., Spangenberg, J. 2007. Is the EC afraid of its own visions? Science 315: 1220. Reprint


• Götzenberger, L., Durka, W., Kühn, I., Klotz, S. 2006. The relationship of pollen-ovule ratio and seed size – a comparative test of a sex allocation hypothesis. Evolutionary Ecology Research, 8: 1101-1116. Reprint
• Kühn, I., Bierman, S. M., Durka, W. and Klotz, S. 2006. Relating geographical variation in pollination types to environmental and spatial factors using novel statistical methods. New Phytologist, 172: 127-139. Reprint , electronic appendix
• Kühn, I. and Klotz, S. 2006. Urbanisation and homogenization - comparing the floras of urban and rural areas in Germany. Biological Conservation, 127: 292-300. Reprint
• Lososová, Z., Chytrý, M., Kühn, I., Hájek, O., Horáková, V., Pyšek, P., Tichý, L. 2006. Patterns of plant traits in annual vegetation of man-made habitats in Central Europe. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 8: 69-81. Reprint
• Wania, A., Kühn, I., Klotz, S. 2006. Biodiversity patterns of plants in agricultural and urban landscapes in Central Germany - spatial gradients of species richness. Landscape and Urban Planning, 75(1): 97-110. Reprint


• Settele, J., Hammen, V., Hulme, P.E., Karlson, U., Klotz, S., Kotarac, M., Kunin, W.E., Marion, G., O'Connor, M., Petanidou, T., Petersen, K., Potts, S., Pritchard, H., Pyšek, P., Rounsevell, M., Spangenberg, J., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Sykes, M.T., Vighi, M., Zobel, M. and Kühn, I. 2005. ALARM: Assessing LArge scale environmental Risks for biodiversity with tested Methods. GAIA - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society, 14(1): 69-72. Reprint


• Kühn, I., Brandenburg, M. and Klotz, S. 2004. Why do alien plant species that reproduce in natural habitats occur more frequently? Diversity & Distributions, 10(5/6): 417-425. Reprint
• Kühn, I., Durka, W. and Klotz, S. 2004. BiolFlor – a new plant-trait database as a tool for plant invasion ecology. Diversity & Distributions, 10(5/6): 363-365. Reprint , electronic appendix
• Kühn, I., Brandl, R. and Klotz, S. 2004. The flora of German cities is naturally species rich. Evolutionary Ecology Research, 6: 749-764. Reprint
• Deutschewitz, K., Lausch, A., Kühn, I. and Klotz, S. 2003. Native and alien plant species richness in relation to spatial heterogeneity on a regional scale in Germany. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 12: 299-311. Reprint


• Kühn, I., May, R., Brandl, R. and Klotz, S. 2003. Plant distribution patterns in Germany - Will aliens match natives? Feddes Repertorium, 114: 559-573. Reprint
• Kühn, I. and Klotz, S. 2003. The alien flora of Germany - basics from a new German database. In Plant invasions: ecological threats and management solutions. (L.E. Child, J.H. Brock, G. Brundu, K. Prach, P. Pyšek, P.M. Wade and M. Williamson, eds.), pp. 89-100. Leiden: Backhuys. Reprint


• Klotz, S., Kühn, I. and Durka, W. 2002 (eds.). BIOLFLOR – Eine Datenbank zu biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen der Gefäßpflanzen in Deutschland. Schriftenreihe für Vegetationskunde 38. Bonn: Bundesamt für Naturschutz. 334 S.

Professional Affiliations