species information (Systematics, BiolFlor-Names, Status) |
BiolFlor-Name |
family |
german name(s) |
Atropa bella-donna L. |
Solanaceae » |
Echte Tollkirsche
|
reference |
Kühn, I., Klotz, S. 2002: Systematik, Taxonomie und Nomenklatur. In: Klotz, S., Kühn, I., Durka, W. (Hrsg.): BIOLFLOR - Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland. Schriftenreihe für Vegetationskunde. Bonn »
|
|
Synonymy (taxonomy after Wisskirchen & Haeupler, 1998) |
Atropa bella-donna L. |
accepted |
|
DNA content » |
DNA content (pg/2C) |
3.9 |
Chromosome number |
72 |
Quality |
chromosome number known and occurring in Germany [b] |
Authorised in BENNET & LEITCH 2001 |
True |
Reference |
Bennett, M.D., Smith, J.S. 1991: Nuclear DNA amounts in angiosperms. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 334:309-345 |
|
Flowering phenology » |
Begin of flowering (months) |
6 |
End of flowering (months) |
8 |
Duration of flowering (months) |
3 |
Number of flowering phases |
0 |
Symphenological Groups » |
Phenological group |
7 (Ligustrum-Stachys sylvatica-Phase) Phenological season: end of early summer |
Reference |
Dierschke, H 1995: Phänologische und symphänologische Artengruppen von Blütenpflanzen in Mitteleuropa. Tuexenia 15: 523-560 |
|
Type of reproduction » |
Type of reproduction |
ssv (mostly by seed, rarely vegetatively) |
Reference |
Butcher, R.W. 1947: Biological Flora of the British Isles: Atropa belladonna L.. Journal of Ecology 34:345-353 |
Type of seed production » |
Type of seed production |
s (amphimictic, sexual) |
Reference |
Butcher, R.W. 1947: Biological Flora of the British Isles: Atropa belladonna L.. Journal of Ecology 34:345-353 |
Dicliny » |
Dicliny |
so (hermaphroditic) |
Abundance |
always [1] |
Reference |
Butcher, R.W. 1947: Biological Flora of the British Isles: Atropa belladonna L.. Journal of Ecology 34:345-353 |
Dichogamy » |
Dichogamy |
g2 (protogynous) |
Reference |
Butcher, R.W. 1947: Biological Flora of the British Isles: Atropa belladonna L.. Journal of Ecology 34:345-353 |
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility » |
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility |
SC (self-compatibel) |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
Pollen vector » |
Pollen vector |
se (selfing) Pollen vector group: se (Selbstbestäubung) |
Abundance |
at failure of outcrossing [7] |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
Pollen vector |
in (insects) Pollen vector group: zo (Tierbestäubung) |
Abundance |
the rule [2] |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
Breeding system » |
Breeding system |
AFXF (mixed mating) |
Reference |
Anmerkung 2002: vgl. Klassifizierungsschema Abb. |
Floral rewards » |
Floral rewards |
1 (nectar) |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Amount of floral reward |
3 (present) |
Flower color » |
Flower colour |
outside violet brown, inside dirty yellow and purple veined |
Basic flower colour |
br (brown) |
Reference |
Schubert, R., Jäger, E.J., Werner, K. (Hrsg.) 1987: Exkursionsflora Band 3. Atlas der Gefäßpflanzen. 6. Aufl., Volk und Wissen, Berlin |
UV reflection of the flower » |
UV reflection in the periphery of the flower |
2 (8-15 %) |
UV reflection in the centre of the flower |
2 (8-15 %) |
UV reflection pattern |
0 (no UV reflectance patterns) |
Flower class after MUELLER » |
Flower class after MUELLER |
Hh (bumble bee flowers) Typical pollinators: bumble bees |
Flower type after KUGLER » |
Flower type after KUGLER |
3.2 (bell shaped flowers with sticky pollen) |
|
Fruit type » |
Fruit type |
Be (berry) |
Diaspore type » |
Diaspore type |
F (fruit) |
Germinule type » |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Germinule type |
S (seed) |
Information available |
True |
Development of nutritious appendages |
|
Development of flat appendages |
|
Development of elongated appendages |
|
Development of additional appendages |
|
Weights » |
Measured object |
Germinule |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
S (seed) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Weight (minimum) [mg] |
1.0 |
Weight (mean) [mg] |
1.1 |
Weight (maximum) [mg] |
1.1 |
Sizes » |
Measured object |
Diaspore |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
F (fruit) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Length (minimum) [mm] |
16.5 |
Length (mean) [mm] |
18.2 |
Length (maximum) [mm] |
20.0 |
Width (minimum) [mm] |
16.5 |
Width (mean) [mm] |
18.2 |
Width (maximum) [mm] |
20.0 |
Height (minimum) [mm] |
|
Height (mean) [mm] |
|
Height (maximum) [mm] |
|
Measured object |
Germinule |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
S (seed) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Length (minimum) [mm] |
1.5 |
Length (mean) [mm] |
1.7 |
Length (maximum) [mm] |
1.9 |
Width (minimum) [mm] |
1.0 |
Width (mean) [mm] |
1.3 |
Width (maximum) [mm] |
1.5 |
Height (minimum) [mm] |
0.3 |
Height (mean) [mm] |
0.6 |
Height (maximum) [mm] |
0.9 |
special references:
|
Grime, J.P., Mason, G., Curtis, A.V., Rodman, J., Band, S.R., Mowforth, M.A., Neal, A.M., Shaw, S. 1981: A comparative study of germination characteristics in a local flora. Journal of Ecology 69:1017-1069 (Gattung)
|
Butcher, R.W. 1947: Biological Flora of the British Isles: Atropa belladonna L.. Journal of Ecology 34:345-353 (Gattung)
|
Beijerink, W. 1947: Zadenatlas der Nederlandsche Flora. Biol. Stat. Wijster, Wageningen (Gattung)
|
Brouwer, W., Stählin, A. 1955: Handbuch der Samenkunde. DLG-Verlag, Frankfurt/Main (Gattung)
|
Wojciechowska, B. 1972: Systematic studies on the seeds of the Solanaceae Pers. family. Monographiae Botanicae 36:117-178 (Gattung)
|
|
Habitat » |
Habitat |
T1.1.1 (null) Alliance: Fagion sylvaticae
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
T2.2.2 (null) Alliance: Atropion belladonnae
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
|
Class » |
English circumscription |
07.4 (Communities of clear-felled areas) Class: Epilobietea angustifolii
|
English circumscription |
10.2 (Mesophilous, summer-green deciduous forests) Class: Carpino-Fagetea
|
|
|
|
Display of complete information for the selected species. Only traits available for the selected species are displayed.
|