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Overview of all traits of a species

species information (Systematics, BiolFlor-Names, Status)
BiolFlor-Name family german name(s)
Sonchus arvensis L. Asteraceae » Acker-Gänsedistel
reference
Kühn, I., Klotz, S. 2002: Systematik, Taxonomie und Nomenklatur. In: Klotz, S., Kühn, I., Durka, W. (Hrsg.): BIOLFLOR - Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland. Schriftenreihe für Vegetationskunde. Bonn »
 
Synonymy (taxonomy after Wisskirchen & Haeupler, 1998)
Sonchus arvensis L. accepted
>Sonchus arvensis subsp. uliginosus (M. Bieb.) Nyman accepted
>Sonchus uliginosus M. Bieb., nom. illeg. (S. oleraceus var. laevis pro syn.) Basionym
>Sonchus arvensis subsp. arvensis accepted
 
group of traits: Status »
Floristic status »
Floristic status I (indigenous)
Evolutionary origin »
Evolutionary origin n (naturally)
Region of origin »
Region of origin 0 (not specified)
Endemism »
Endemism 0 (not specified)
Reference unbekannt
 
group of traits: Chromosome number »
Chromosome number »
Basic chromosome number 9
Chromosome number 2n 36
Chromosome number (Germany) False
Most common chromosome race False
Ploidy level 4 (tetraploid)
Ploidy type P (polyploid with haploid basic number)
Reference Oberdorfer, E. 1983: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora. Ulmer, Stuttgart
Basic chromosome number 9
Chromosome number 2n 54
Chromosome number (Germany) True
Most common chromosome race False
Ploidy level 6 (hexaploid)
Ploidy type P (polyploid with haploid basic number)
Reference Oberdorfer, E. 1983: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora. Ulmer, Stuttgart
Basic chromosome number 8
Chromosome number 2n 64
Chromosome number (Germany) False
Most common chromosome race False
Ploidy level  
Ploidy type  
Reference Oberdorfer, E. 1983: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora. Ulmer, Stuttgart
 
group of traits: Phylogeny »
Phylogeny code »
Phylogeny code BBBBBBBBBABABBABBABBABBBBBBBBBB
 
group of traits: Morphology »
Life form »
Life form H (Hemicryptophyte)
Qualifier always [1]
Life span »
Life span p (pluriennial-pollakanthic)
Qualifier always [1]
Vegetative propagation »
Vegetative propagation ws (Root shoot)
Qualifier always [1]
Root metamorphoses »
Root metamorphoses ws (Root shoot)
Qualifier always [1]
Rosettes »
Rosettes h (Hemirosette plant)
Qualifier always [1]
special references:
Hutchinson, I., Colosi, J., Lewin, R.A. 1984: The biology of Canadian weeds. 63. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill and S. oleraceus L.. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 64:731-744
Lemna, W.K., Messersmith, C.G. 1990: The biology of Canadian weeds. 94. Sonchus arvensis L.. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70:509-532
Meusel, H. 1952: Über Wuchsform, Verbreitung und Phylogenie einiger mediterran mitteleuropäischer Angiospermen-Gattungen. Flora 139:333-393
Irmisch, T. 1857: Über die Keimung und Erneuerungsweise von Convolvulus sepium, C. arvensis, sowie über hypokotylische Adventivknospen bei krautigen phanerogamen Pflanzen. Bot. Ztg. 15:433-443
Håkansson, S. 1969: Experiments with Sonchus arvensis L. I. Development and growth, and response to burial and defoliation in different developmental stages. Lantbrukshögskolans Annaler 35:989-1030
Wittrock, V.B. 1884: Über Wurzelsprosse bei krautigen Gewächsen, mit besonderer Rücksicht auf ihre verschiedene biologische Bedeutung. Biol. Centralbl. 17:227-232
Rauh, W. 1937: Die Bildung von Hypokotyl- und Wurzelsprossen und ihre Bedeutung für die Wuchsformen der Pflanzen. Nova Acta Leopold. N. F. 4:395-553
Raju, M.V., Steeves, T.A., Coupland, R.T. 1964: On the regeneration of root fragments of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.). Weed Research 4:2-11
Håkansson, S., Wallgren, B. 1972: Experiments with Sonchus arvensis L. II. Reproduction, plant development and response to mechanical disturbance. Swed. J. agric. Res. 2:15-26
Håkansson, S., Wallgren, B. 1972: Experiments with Sonchus arvensis L. III. The development from reproductive root cut into different length and planted at different depths, with and without competition from barley. Swed. J. agric. Res. 2:3-14
Kondrateva-Melvil, E.A. 1957: Shoot formation on roots in some herbaceous species. Vestn. Leningradsk. Univ. Ser. Biol. 1:21-37
Håkansson, S. 1982: Multiplication, growth and persistence of perennial weeds. In: Holzner, W., Numata, N. (Hrsg.) Biology and ecology of weeds, S. 123-135, Junk Publ., The Hague
Irmisch, T. 1860: Kurze Bemerkungen über die perennierenden Sonchus-Arten der deutschen Flora. Verhandlungen der Botanischen Vereinigung Berlin Brandenburg 2:117-122
Jäger, E.J. 1957: Über Wuchsform, Wuchsrhythmus und Verbreitung einheimischer Wiesenasteraceen. Dipl.-Arb. Univ. Halle.
 
group of traits: Leaf traits »
Leaf persistence »
Leaf persistence s (summer green)
Leaf anatomy »
Leaf anatomy m (mesomorphic)
Leaf form »
Leaf form gelap (lobate)
 
group of traits: Flowering phenology »
Flowering phenology »
Begin of flowering (months) 7
End of flowering (months) 10
Duration of flowering (months) 4
Number of flowering phases 0
Symphenological Groups »
Phenological group 7 (Ligustrum-Stachys sylvatica-Phase)
Phenological season: end of early summer
Reference Dierschke, H 1995: Phänologische und symphänologische Artengruppen von Blütenpflanzen in Mitteleuropa. Tuexenia 15: 523-560
 
group of traits: Floral and reproductive biology »
Type of reproduction »
Type of reproduction sv (by seed and vegetatively)
Reference Lemna, W.K., Messersmith, C.G. 1990: The biology of Canadian weeds. 94. Sonchus arvensis L.. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70:509-532
Type of seed production »
Type of seed production s (amphimictic, sexual)
Reference Lemna, W.K., Messersmith, C.G. 1990: The biology of Canadian weeds. 94. Sonchus arvensis L.. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70:509-532
Dicliny »
Dicliny so (hermaphroditic)
Abundance always [1]
Reference Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig
Dichogamy »
Dichogamy a2 (protandrous)
Reference Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility »
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility SI (self-incompatibel)
Reference Holm, L., Doll, J., Holm, E., Pancho, J., Herberger, J. 1997: World Weeds. John Wiley & Sons, New York
Systematic reference species [S]
SI mechanism »
SI mechanism SSI (sporophytic self-incompatibility)
Reference de Nettancourt, D. 1977: Incompatibility in angiosperms. Springer, Berlin
Pollen vector »
Pollen vector se (selfing)
Pollen vector group: se (Selbstbestäubung)
Abundance at failure of outcrossing [7]
Reference Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig
Systematic reference species [S]
Pollen vector in (insects)
Pollen vector group: zo (Tierbestäubung)
Abundance always [1]
Reference Lemna, W.K., Messersmith, C.G. 1990: The biology of Canadian weeds. 94. Sonchus arvensis L.. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70:509-532
Systematic reference species [S]
Breeding system »
Breeding system X (allogamous)
Reference Anmerkung 2002: xenogam, da SI
Floral rewards »
Floral rewards 1 (nectar)
Reference Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig
Amount of floral reward 3 (present)
Flower color »
Flower colour golden yellow
Basic flower colour g (yellow)
Reference Schubert, R., Jäger, E.J., Werner, K. (Hrsg.) 1987: Exkursionsflora Band 3. Atlas der Gefäßpflanzen. 6. Aufl., Volk und Wissen, Berlin
UV reflection of the flower »
UV reflection in the periphery of the flower 4 (28-39 %)
UV reflection in the centre of the flower 1 (0-7 %)
UV reflection pattern 1 (UV reflectance pattern present)
Flower class after MUELLER »
Flower class after MUELLER B` (flower associations with totally hidden nectar)
Typical pollinators: bees, bumble bees, wasps, bombylides, syrphids
Flower type after KUGLER »
Flower type after KUGLER 7.2b (flower heads, Asteraceae, only ray flowers)
 
group of traits: Seed traits »
Fruit type »
Fruit type Nu (nut)
Diaspore type »
Diaspore type F (fruit)
Diaspore type FZb (fruit with appendage)
Germinule type »
Heteromorphic type n (not heteromorphic)
Germinule type F (fruit)
Information available True
Development of nutritious appendages  
Development of flat appendages  
Development of elongated appendages  
Development of additional appendages  
Weights »
Measured object Germinule
Type of germinule or diaspore F (fruit)
Constraint False
Heteromorphic type n (not heteromorphic)
Weight (minimum) [mg]  
Weight (mean) [mg] 0.5
Weight (maximum) [mg]  
Measured object Diaspore
Type of germinule or diaspore F (fruit)
Constraint False
Heteromorphic type n (not heteromorphic)
Weight (minimum) [mg]  
Weight (mean) [mg] 0.5
Weight (maximum) [mg]  
Sizes »
Measured object Germinule
Type of germinule or diaspore F (fruit)
Constraint False
Heteromorphic type n (not heteromorphic)
Length (minimum) [mm] 2.5
Length (mean) [mm] 3.2
Length (maximum) [mm] 4.6
Width (minimum) [mm] 1.0
Width (mean) [mm] 1.1
Width (maximum) [mm] 1.4
Height (minimum) [mm] 0.4
Height (mean) [mm] 0.4
Height (maximum) [mm] 0.5
Measured object Diaspore
Type of germinule or diaspore F (fruit)
Constraint False
Heteromorphic type n (not heteromorphic)
Length (minimum) [mm] 2.5
Length (mean) [mm] 3.2
Length (maximum) [mm] 4.6
Width (minimum) [mm] 1.0
Width (mean) [mm] 1.1
Width (maximum) [mm] 1.4
Height (minimum) [mm] 0.4
Height (mean) [mm] 0.4
Height (maximum) [mm] 0.5
Measured object Diaspore
Type of germinule or diaspore FZb (fruit with appendage)
Constraint False
Heteromorphic type n (not heteromorphic)
Length (minimum) [mm]  
Length (mean) [mm] 10.4
Length (maximum) [mm]  
Width (minimum) [mm] 1.0
Width (mean) [mm] 1.1
Width (maximum) [mm] 1.4
Height (minimum) [mm] 0.4
Height (mean) [mm] 0.4
Height (maximum) [mm] 0.5
special references:
Grime, J.P., Mason, G., Curtis, A.V., Rodman, J., Band, S.R., Mowforth, M.A., Neal, A.M., Shaw, S. 1981: A comparative study of germination characteristics in a local flora. Journal of Ecology 69:1017-1069 (Gattung)
Grime, J.P., Hodgson, J.G., Hunt, R. 1988: Comparative Plant Ecology. Unwin Hyman, London (Gattung)
Brouwer, W., Stählin, A. 1955: Handbuch der Samenkunde. DLG-Verlag, Frankfurt/Main (Gattung)
Cremer, J., Partzsch, M., Zimmermann, M., Schwär, C., Goltz, H. 1991: Acker- und Gartenwildkräuter: ein Bestimmungsbuch. . Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag, Berlin. (Gattung)
Hanf, M. 1984: Ackerunkräuter Europas mit ihren Keimlingen und Samen. . BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Wien, Zürich. (Gattung)
 
group of traits: Ecological strategy »
Strategy type »
Strategy type cr (competitors/ruderals)
 
group of traits: Range »
Floristic zone and altitudinal level »
Floristic zone m (meridional)
Altitudinal level  
Status natural range
Floristic zone e (submeridional)
Altitudinal level  
Status natural range
Floristic zone p (southern temperate)
Altitudinal level  
Status natural range
Floristic zone n (northern temperate)
Altitudinal level  
Status natural range
Floristic zone b (boreal)
Altitudinal level  
Status natural range
Number of inhabited floristic zones »
Number of inhabited floristic zones 4
Floristic region »
Floristic region a (Asia)
Continent of floristic region: a (Asien)
Status natural range
Floristic region e (Europe)
Continent of floristic region: e (Europa)
Status natural range
 
group of traits: Hemeroby »
Hemeroby »
Hemeroby b (b-euhemerobic)
Hemeroby c (a-euhemerobic)
Hemeroby p (polyhemerobic)
Number of hemerobic levels »
Number of hemerobic levels 3
 
group of traits: Urbanity »
Urbanity »
Urbanity 2 (moderately urbanophobic)
 
group of traits: Habitats »
Habitat »
Habitat H1.2.2.2 (null)
Alliance: Atriplicion littoralis
Occurrence questionable False
Occurence restricted False
Annotation  
Habitat L4.1 (null)
Alliance: ???
Occurrence questionable False
Occurence restricted True
Annotation nur Ufer
Habitat L4.4 (null)
Alliance: ???
Occurrence questionable False
Occurence restricted False
Annotation  
Habitat L5.2.5 (null)
Alliance: Convolvulion sepium
Occurrence questionable False
Occurence restricted False
Annotation  
Habitat T9.1.1 (null)
Alliance: Sperguletalia arvensis
Occurrence questionable False
Occurence restricted False
Annotation  
Habitat T9.1.1.3 (null)
Alliance: Polygono-Chenopodion polyspermi
Occurrence questionable False
Occurence restricted False
Annotation  
 
group of traits: Sociology »
Class »
English circumscription 06.1 (Sea rocket and seaweed strandline and shingle communities)
Class: Cakiletea maritimae
English circumscription 06.4 (Annual ruderal communities)
Class: Sisymbrietea officinalis
English circumscription 06.5 (Eusiberian ruderal mugwort and thistles communities, and couch-grasslands)
Class: Artemisietea vulgaris
English circumscription 06.6 (Chickweed and other field weed communities)
Class: Stellarietea mediae
English circumscription 07.5 (Nitrophilous tall herb communities)
Class: Galio-Urticetea dioicae
 
 
groups of traits for this species
Status »
Chromosome number »
Phylogeny »
Morphology »
Leaf traits »
Flowering phenology »
Floral and reproductive biology »
Seed traits »
Ecological strategy »
Range »
Hemeroby »
Urbanity »
Habitats »
Sociology »


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