species information (Systematics, BiolFlor-Names, Status) |
BiolFlor-Name |
family |
german name(s) |
Viola mirabilis L. |
Violaceae » |
Wunder-Veilchen
|
reference |
Kühn, I., Klotz, S. 2002: Systematik, Taxonomie und Nomenklatur. In: Klotz, S., Kühn, I., Durka, W. (Hrsg.): BIOLFLOR - Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland. Schriftenreihe für Vegetationskunde. Bonn »
|
|
Synonymy (taxonomy after Wisskirchen & Haeupler, 1998) |
Viola mirabilis L. |
accepted |
|
Chromosome number » |
Basic chromosome number |
10 |
Chromosome number 2n |
20 |
Chromosome number (Germany) |
True |
Most common chromosome race |
False |
Ploidy level |
2 (diploid) |
Ploidy type |
D (diploid with haploid basic number) |
Reference |
Oberdorfer, E. 1983: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora. Ulmer, Stuttgart |
|
Life form » |
Life form |
H (Hemicryptophyte) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Life span » |
Life span |
p (pluriennial-pollakanthic) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Vegetative propagation » |
Vegetative propagation |
rh (Rhizome) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Vegetative propagation |
ws (Root shoot) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Storage organs » |
Storage organs |
rh (Rhizome) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Shoot metamorphoses » |
Shoot metamorphoses |
rh (Rhizome) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Root metamorphoses » |
Root metamorphoses |
ws (Root shoot) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Rosettes » |
Rosettes |
h (Hemirosette plant) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
special references:
|
Serebrjakov, I.G., Serebrjakow, J.G. 1965: On the two types of the rhizome forming by perennial plants. Bjul. Mosk. obsc. ispyt. prirody, otdel biol. 70:67-81
|
Perttula, U. 1941: Untersuchungen über die generative und vegetative Vermehrung der Blütenpflanzen in der Wald-Hainwiesen- und Hainfelsen-Vegetation. Ann. Acad. Sci. Fennici, Ser. A, 58:1-388
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Golubev, V.N. 1957: Materialy k ekologo-morfologiceskoj i geneticeskoj charakteristikje zhizjennych form travjanistych rastenij. Botaniceskij Zhurnal 42:1055-1072
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Meusel, H., Kästner, A. 1974: Zur Wuchsform einiger Veilchenarten. Phyton 16:127-135
|
|
Flowering phenology » |
Begin of flowering (months) |
4 |
End of flowering (months) |
6 |
Duration of flowering (months) |
3 |
Number of flowering phases |
0 |
Symphenological Groups » |
Phenological group |
3 (Prunus avium-Ranunculus auricomus-Phase) Phenological season: end of early spring |
Reference |
Dierschke, H 1995: Phänologische und symphänologische Artengruppen von Blütenpflanzen in Mitteleuropa. Tuexenia 15: 523-560 |
|
Type of reproduction » |
Type of reproduction |
vvs (mostly vegetatively, rarely by seed) |
Reference |
Hegi, G.B. 1965: Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa.Vol V.1 Spermatophyta: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 3. Teil Linaceae-Violaceae. 2. Aufl., Paul Parey, Berlin, Hamburg |
Type of seed production » |
Type of seed production |
s (amphimictic, sexual) |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Dicliny » |
Dicliny |
so (hermaphroditic) |
Abundance |
always [1] |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Dichogamy » |
Dichogamy |
h (homogamous) |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility » |
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility |
SC (self-compatibel) |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
Pollen vector » |
Pollen vector |
kl (cleistogamy) Pollen vector group: se (Selbstbestäubung) |
Abundance |
often [3] |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
Pollen vector |
in (insects) Pollen vector group: zo (Tierbestäubung) |
Abundance |
the rule [2] |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
Breeding system » |
Breeding system |
AFXF (mixed mating) |
Reference |
Anmerkung 2002: vgl. Klassifizierungsschema Abb. |
Floral rewards » |
Floral rewards |
1 (nectar) |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Amount of floral reward |
3 (present) |
Flower color » |
Flower colour |
pale lilac |
Basic flower colour |
vi (violet) |
Reference |
Schubert, R., Jäger, E.J., Werner, K. (Hrsg.) 1987: Exkursionsflora Band 3. Atlas der Gefäßpflanzen. 6. Aufl., Volk und Wissen, Berlin |
UV reflection of the flower » |
UV reflection in the periphery of the flower |
2 (8-15 %) |
UV reflection in the centre of the flower |
2 (8-15 %) |
UV reflection pattern |
0 (no UV reflectance patterns) |
Flower class after MUELLER » |
Flower class after MUELLER |
Hb (bee flowers ) Typical pollinators: bees |
Flower type after KUGLER » |
Flower type after KUGLER |
5.5 (lip flowers, Viola type) |
|
Fruit type » |
Fruit type |
Ka (capsule) |
Diaspore type » |
Diaspore type |
S (seed) |
Germinule type » |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Germinule type |
S (seed) |
Information available |
True |
Development of nutritious appendages |
always [1] |
Development of flat appendages |
|
Development of elongated appendages |
|
Development of additional appendages |
|
Weights » |
Measured object |
Germinule |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
S (seed) |
Constraint |
True |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Weight (minimum) [mg] |
|
Weight (mean) [mg] |
1.8 |
Weight (maximum) [mg] |
|
Sizes » |
Measured object |
Germinule |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
S (seed) |
Constraint |
True |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Length (minimum) [mm] |
2.5 |
Length (mean) [mm] |
2.6 |
Length (maximum) [mm] |
2.8 |
Width (minimum) [mm] |
1.6 |
Width (mean) [mm] |
1.7 |
Width (maximum) [mm] |
1.8 |
Height (minimum) [mm] |
1.5 |
Height (mean) [mm] |
1.6 |
Height (maximum) [mm] |
1.8 |
special references:
|
Grime, J.P., Mason, G., Curtis, A.V., Rodman, J., Band, S.R., Mowforth, M.A., Neal, A.M., Shaw, S. 1981: A comparative study of germination characteristics in a local flora. Journal of Ecology 69:1017-1069 (Gattung)
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Thompson, K., Band, S.R., Hodgson, J.G. 1993: Seed size and shape predict persistence in soil. Functional Ecology 7:236-241 (Gattung)
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Grime, J.P., Hodgson, J.G., Hunt, R. 1988: Comparative Plant Ecology. Unwin Hyman, London (Gattung)
|
Bakker, J.P., Bakker, E.S., Rosén, E., Verweij, G.L. 1997: The soil seed bank of undisturbed and disturbed dry limestone grassland on Öland (Sweden). Z. Ökologie Nat. sch. 6:9-18 (Gattung)
|
Beijerink, W. 1947: Zadenatlas der Nederlandsche Flora. Biol. Stat. Wijster, Wageningen (Gattung)
|
Bresinsky, A. 1963: Bau, Entwicklungsgeschichte und Inhaltsstoffe der Elaiosomen. Studien zur myrmekochoren Verbreitung von Samen und Früchten. Bibliotheca Botanica Vol. 126. (Gattung)
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Brouwer, W., Stählin, A. 1955: Handbuch der Samenkunde. DLG-Verlag, Frankfurt/Main (Gattung)
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Cremer, J., Partzsch, M., Zimmermann, M., Schwär, C., Goltz, H. 1991: Acker- und Gartenwildkräuter: ein Bestimmungsbuch. . Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag, Berlin. (Gattung)
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Frey, W., Hauser, A. 1996: Onopordetum acanthii (Eselsdistel-Gesellschaft) im mittleren und unteren Unstruttal - Lebensstrategien in einer wärmeliebenden Ruderalgesellschaft. Hausknechtia, Beiheft 6:1-84 (Gattung)
|
Häfliger, T.J., Wolf, M. 1988: Dicot Weeds. Documenta CIBA-GEIGY Ltd., Basel (Gattung)
|
Luftensteiner, H.W. 1982: Untersuchungen zur Verbreitungssbiologie von Pflanzengemeinschaften an vier Standorten in Niederösterreich. Bibliotheca Botanica 135:1-68 (Gattung)
|
Müller, P. 1955: Verbreitungsbiologie (Diasporologie) der Blütenpflanzen. Veröffentlichungen des Geobotanischen Institutes Rübel Zürich . Verlag Hans Huber, Bern. (Gattung)
|
Pacini, E. 1990: Mercurialis annua L. (Euphorbiaceae) seed interactions with the ant Messor structor (Latr.), Hymenoptera: Formicidae. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 39:253-262 (Gattung)
|
Heinisch, O. 1955: Samenatlas der wichtigsten Futterpflanzen und ihrer Unkräuter. Deutsche Akad. Landwirtsch.-Wiss., Berlin (Gattung)
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Habitat » |
Habitat |
L5.2.3 (null) Alliance: Alno-Ulmion p.p.
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
T1.1.1 (null) Alliance: Fagion sylvaticae
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
T1.1.2.1 (null) Alliance: Tilio platyphylli-Acerion pseudoplatani
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
|
Class » |
English circumscription |
09.5 (Blackthorn and buckthorn shrubs) Class: Rhamno-Prunetea spinosae
|
English circumscription |
10.2 (Mesophilous, summer-green deciduous forests) Class: Carpino-Fagetea
|
English circumscription |
10.4 (Thermophilous dry oak forests) Class: Quercetea pubescentis-petraeae
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