species information (Systematics, BiolFlor-Names, Status) |
BiolFlor-Name |
family |
german name(s) |
Euphorbia cyparissias L. |
Euphorbiaceae » |
Zypressen-Wolfsmilch
|
reference |
Kühn, I., Klotz, S. 2002: Systematik, Taxonomie und Nomenklatur. In: Klotz, S., Kühn, I., Durka, W. (Hrsg.): BIOLFLOR - Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland. Schriftenreihe für Vegetationskunde. Bonn »
|
|
Synonymy (taxonomy after Wisskirchen & Haeupler, 1998) |
Euphorbia cyparissias L. |
accepted |
|
Chromosome number » |
Basic chromosome number |
10 |
Chromosome number 2n |
20 |
Chromosome number (Germany) |
True |
Most common chromosome race |
False |
Ploidy level |
2 (diploid) |
Ploidy type |
D (diploid with haploid basic number) |
Reference |
Stahevitch, A.E., Crompton, C.W., Wojtas, W.A. 1988: The biology of Canadian weeds. 85. Euphorbia cyparissias L.. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 68:175-191 |
Basic chromosome number |
10 |
Chromosome number 2n |
40 |
Chromosome number (Germany) |
False |
Most common chromosome race |
True |
Ploidy level |
4 (tetraploid) |
Ploidy type |
P (polyploid with haploid basic number) |
Reference |
Stahevitch, A.E., Crompton, C.W., Wojtas, W.A. 1988: The biology of Canadian weeds. 85. Euphorbia cyparissias L.. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 68:175-191 |
|
Life form » |
Life form |
G (Geophyte) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Life form |
H (Hemicryptophyte) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Life span » |
Life span |
p (pluriennial-pollakanthic) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Vegetative propagation » |
Vegetative propagation |
ws (Root shoot) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Storage organs » |
Storage organs |
p (Pleiocorm) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Shoot metamorphoses » |
Shoot metamorphoses |
p (Pleiocorm) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Root metamorphoses » |
Root metamorphoses |
ws (Root shoot) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Rosettes » |
Rosettes |
r (Erosulate plant) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
special references:
|
Stahevitch, A.E., Crompton, C.W., Wojtas, W.A. 1988: The biology of Canadian weeds. 85. Euphorbia cyparissias L.. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 68:175-191
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Meusel, H. 1952: Über Wuchsform, Verbreitung und Phylogenie einiger mediterran mitteleuropäischer Angiospermen-Gattungen. Flora 139:333-393
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Frey, W., Hensen, I., Kürschner, H. 1995: Drabo-Hieracietum humilis (Habichtskraut-Felsspaltengesellschaft) - Lebensstrategien von Felsspaltenbesiedlern. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik 117:249-272
|
Hensen, I. 1997: Life strategies of xerothermic grasslands - mechanisms of reproduction and colonization within Stipetum capillatae s.l. and Adonido-Brachypodietum pinnati. Feddes Repertorium 108:425-452
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Irmisch, T. 1857: Über die Keimung und Erneuerungsweise von Convolvulus sepium, C. arvensis, sowie über hypokotylische Adventivknospen bei krautigen phanerogamen Pflanzen. Bot. Ztg. 15:433-443
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Beijerinck, M.W. 1887: Beobachtungen und Betrachtungen über Wurzelknospen und Nebenwurzeln. Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. , Afd. Natuurk. , Tweede Sect. 25:1-146
|
Ebel, F., Mühlberg, H. 1987: Vergleichend-ökomorphologische Untersuchungen an Pflanzen-Taxa eines Trocken- und Feuchtbiotops. Hercynia N. F. 24:408-424
|
Hensen, I., Kentrup, M. 1998: Teucrio botryos-Melicetum ciliatae (Traubegamander-Wimpergrasflur) - Lebensstrategien in einer xerothemen Fels-Pioniergesellschaft. Tuexenia 18:217-236
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Wittrock, V.B. 1884: Über Wurzelsprosse bei krautigen Gewächsen, mit besonderer Rücksicht auf ihre verschiedene biologische Bedeutung. Biol. Centralbl. 17:227-232
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Rauh, W. 1937: Die Bildung von Hypokotyl- und Wurzelsprossen und ihre Bedeutung für die Wuchsformen der Pflanzen. Nova Acta Leopold. N. F. 4:395-553
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Raju, M.V., Steeves, T.A., Coupland, R.T. 1964: On the regeneration of root fragments of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.). Weed Research 4:2-11
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Kästner, A., Karrer, G. 1995: Übersicht der Wuchsformentypen als Grundlage für deren Erfassung in der "Flora von Österreich". Florae Austriacae Novit. 3:1-51
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Kutschera, L., Lichtenegger, E. 1992: Wurzelatlas mitteleuropäischer Grünlandpflanzen. Bd. 2 Pteridophyta und Dicotyledonae (Magnoliopsida). Teil I Morphologie, Anatomie, Ökologie, Verbreitung, Soziologie, Wirtschaft. Fischer, Stuttgart, Jena, New York
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Hanelt, P. 1955: Wuchsformstudien in der Gattung Euphorbia L.. Dipl.-Arb. Univ. Halle
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|
Flowering phenology » |
Begin of flowering (months) |
4 |
End of flowering (months) |
5 |
Duration of flowering (months) |
2 |
Number of flowering phases |
0 |
Symphenological Groups » |
Phenological group |
4 (Fagus-Lamiastrum-Phase) Phenological season: start of mid spring |
Reference |
Dierschke, H 1995: Phänologische und symphänologische Artengruppen von Blütenpflanzen in Mitteleuropa. Tuexenia 15: 523-560 |
|
Type of reproduction » |
Type of reproduction |
sv (by seed and vegetatively) |
Reference |
Stahevitch, A.E., Crompton, C.W., Wojtas, W.A. 1988: The biology of Canadian weeds. 85. Euphorbia cyparissias L.. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 68:175-191 |
Type of seed production » |
Type of seed production |
s (amphimictic, sexual) |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Dicliny » |
Dicliny |
so (hermaphroditic) |
Abundance |
the rule [2] |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Dicliny |
gm (gynomonoecious) |
Abundance |
rare [4] |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Dichogamy » |
Dichogamy |
g2 (protogynous) |
Reference |
Erhardt, A., Stöcklin, J. 1993: Dichtung und Wahrheit in der Naturwissenschaft: Die Bestäubung von Epilobium angustifolium und Scrophularia nodosa. Dissertationes Botanicae 196:95-106 |
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility » |
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility |
SC (self-compatibel) |
Reference |
Schurch, S., Pfunder, M., Roy, B.A. 2000: Effects of ants on the reproductive success of Euphorbia cyparissias and associated pathogenic rust fungi. Oikos 88:6-12 |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility |
SI (self-incompatibel) |
Reference |
East, E.M. 1940: The distribution of self-sterility in the flowering plants. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 82:449-518 |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
SI mechanism » |
SI mechanism |
ID (inbreeding depression) |
Reference |
Schurch, S., Pfunder, M., Roy, B.A. 2000: Effects of ants on the reproductive success of Euphorbia cyparissias and associated pathogenic rust fungi. Oikos 88:6-12 |
Pollen vector » |
Pollen vector |
se (selfing) Pollen vector group: se (Selbstbestäubung) |
Abundance |
possible [5] |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
Pollen vector |
in (insects) Pollen vector group: zo (Tierbestäubung) |
Abundance |
always [1] |
Reference |
Schurch, S., Pfunder, M., Roy, B.A. 2000: Effects of ants on the reproductive success of Euphorbia cyparissias and associated pathogenic rust fungi. Oikos 88:6-12 |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
Breeding system » |
Breeding system |
X (allogamous) |
Reference |
Fryxell, P.M. 1957: Modes of reproduction of higher plants. The Botanical Review 23:135-233 |
Breeding system |
XF (facultative allogamous) |
Reference |
Schurch, S., Pfunder, M., Roy, B.A. 2000: Effects of ants on the reproductive success of Euphorbia cyparissias and associated pathogenic rust fungi. Oikos 88:6-12 |
Floral rewards » |
Floral rewards |
1 (nectar) |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Amount of floral reward |
3 (present) |
Floral rewards |
2 (pollen) |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Amount of floral reward |
4 (plenty) |
Flower color » |
Flower colour |
yellowish green, lateron reddish |
Basic flower colour |
gr (green) |
Reference |
Schubert, R., Jäger, E.J., Werner, K. (Hrsg.) 1987: Exkursionsflora Band 3. Atlas der Gefäßpflanzen. 6. Aufl., Volk und Wissen, Berlin |
UV reflection of the flower » |
UV reflection in the periphery of the flower |
2 (8-15 %) |
UV reflection in the centre of the flower |
2 (8-15 %) |
UV reflection pattern |
0 (no UV reflectance patterns) |
Flower class after MUELLER » |
Flower class after MUELLER |
A (flowers with open nectar) Typical pollinators: beetles, flies, syrphids, wasps, medium tongued bees |
Flower type after KUGLER » |
Flower type after KUGLER |
1.2a (disk flowers with nectar open) |
|
Fruit type » |
Fruit type |
Ka (capsule) |
Diaspore type » |
Diaspore type |
S (seed) |
Germinule type » |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Germinule type |
S (seed) |
Information available |
True |
Development of nutritious appendages |
always [1] |
Development of flat appendages |
|
Development of elongated appendages |
|
Development of additional appendages |
|
Weights » |
Measured object |
Germinule |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
S (seed) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Weight (minimum) [mg] |
2.0 |
Weight (mean) [mg] |
2.5 |
Weight (maximum) [mg] |
2.8 |
Measured object |
Diaspore |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
S (seed) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Weight (minimum) [mg] |
2.0 |
Weight (mean) [mg] |
2.5 |
Weight (maximum) [mg] |
2.8 |
Sizes » |
Measured object |
Diaspore |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
S (seed) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Length (minimum) [mm] |
1.6 |
Length (mean) [mm] |
2.0 |
Length (maximum) [mm] |
2.2 |
Width (minimum) [mm] |
1.0 |
Width (mean) [mm] |
1.4 |
Width (maximum) [mm] |
1.6 |
Height (minimum) [mm] |
1.0 |
Height (mean) [mm] |
1.4 |
Height (maximum) [mm] |
1.5 |
Measured object |
Germinule |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
S (seed) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Length (minimum) [mm] |
1.6 |
Length (mean) [mm] |
2.0 |
Length (maximum) [mm] |
2.2 |
Width (minimum) [mm] |
1.0 |
Width (mean) [mm] |
1.4 |
Width (maximum) [mm] |
1.6 |
Height (minimum) [mm] |
1.0 |
Height (mean) [mm] |
1.4 |
Height (maximum) [mm] |
1.5 |
special references:
|
Müller-Schneider, P. 1986: Verbreitungsbiologie der Blütenpflanzen Graubündens. Veröffentlichungen des Geobotanischen Institutes der ETH, Stiftung Rübel, Zürich 85:1-261 (Gattung)
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Anderberg, A.L. 1994: Atlas of seeds and small fruits of Northwest-European plant species with morphological descriptions. - Part 4 (Resedaceae - Umbelliferae). Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm (Gattung)
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Beijerink, W. 1947: Zadenatlas der Nederlandsche Flora. Biol. Stat. Wijster, Wageningen (Gattung)
|
Bresinsky, A. 1963: Bau, Entwicklungsgeschichte und Inhaltsstoffe der Elaiosomen. Studien zur myrmekochoren Verbreitung von Samen und Früchten. Bibliotheca Botanica Vol. 126. (Gattung)
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Brouwer, W., Stählin, A. 1955: Handbuch der Samenkunde. DLG-Verlag, Frankfurt/Main (Gattung)
|
Cremer, J., Partzsch, M., Zimmermann, M., Schwär, C., Goltz, H. 1991: Acker- und Gartenwildkräuter: ein Bestimmungsbuch. . Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag, Berlin. (Gattung)
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Ehler, N. 1976: Mikromorphologie der Samenoberflächen der Gattung Euphorbia. Plant Systematics and Evolution 126:189-207 (Gattung)
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Heubl, G.R., Wanner, G. 1996: Samenmorphologische Studien in der Gattung Euphorbia L.. Berichte der Bayerischen Botanischen Gesellscahft 66/67:7-25 (Gattung)
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Lisci, M., Bianchini, M., Pacini, E. 1996: Structure and function of the elaiosome in some angiosperm species. Flora 191:141 (Gattung)
|
Luftensteiner, H.W. 1982: Untersuchungen zur Verbreitungssbiologie von Pflanzengemeinschaften an vier Standorten in Niederösterreich. Bibliotheca Botanica 135:1-68 (Gattung)
|
Serwatka, J. 1972: Seed morphology and anatomy of the European species of the genus Euphorbia L.. Monographiae Botanicae 37:3-33 (Gattung)
|
Heinisch, O. 1955: Samenatlas der wichtigsten Futterpflanzen und ihrer Unkräuter. Deutsche Akad. Landwirtsch.-Wiss., Berlin (Gattung)
|
|
Grassland utilization indicator values » |
Occurrence |
GE (little used grasslands) |
Guild |
K (forb) |
Mowing tolerance |
4 (between 3 and 5 (sensitive to moderately tolerant to mowing)) |
Grazing tolerance |
8 (between 7 and 9 (well tolerant to very tolerant to grazing)) |
Trampling tolerance |
7 (tolerant to trampling) |
Foraging value |
1 (poisonous for livestock (and humans)) |
Foraging value for deer |
|
|
Habitat » |
Habitat |
T1.4.1.3 (null) Alliance: Erico-Pinion
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
T6.2.1.4 (null) Alliance: ???
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
T6.2.1.5.4 (null) Alliance: Nardion strictae
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
|
Class » |
English circumscription |
05.2 (Pioneer communities of hair-grasses) Class: Koelerio-Corynephoretea
|
English circumscription |
05.3 (Fescue-brome communities of dry and semi-dry grasslands) Class: Festuco-Brometea
|
English circumscription |
05.4 (Commercially used grasslands) Class: Molinio-Arrhenatheretea
|
English circumscription |
05.6 (Acidic mat-grass communities) Class: Nardetea strictae
|
English circumscription |
06.5 (Eusiberian ruderal mugwort and thistles communities, and couch-grasslands) Class: Artemisietea vulgaris
|
English circumscription |
07.1 (Thermophilous and mesophilous forest grassland ecotones) Class: Trifolio-Geranietea sanguinei
|
English circumscription |
08.4 (Heather and gorse heathlands) Class: Calluno-Ulicetea
|
English circumscription |
09.5 (Blackthorn and buckthorn shrubs) Class: Rhamno-Prunetea spinosae
|
English circumscription |
10.2 (Mesophilous, summer-green deciduous forests) Class: Carpino-Fagetea
|
English circumscription |
10.3 (Birch-oak forests) Class: Quercetea robori-petraeae
|
English circumscription |
10.4 (Thermophilous dry oak forests) Class: Quercetea pubescentis-petraeae
|
English circumscription |
10.7 (Snow-heather pine-forests) Class: Erico-Pinetea
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