species information (Systematics, BiolFlor-Names, Status) |
BiolFlor-Name |
family |
german name(s) |
Bidens frondosa L. |
Asteraceae » |
Schwarzfrüchtiger Zweizahn
|
reference |
Kühn, I., Klotz, S. 2002: Systematik, Taxonomie und Nomenklatur. In: Klotz, S., Kühn, I., Durka, W. (Hrsg.): BIOLFLOR - Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland. Schriftenreihe für Vegetationskunde. Bonn »
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Synonymy (taxonomy after Wisskirchen & Haeupler, 1998) |
Bidens frondosa L. |
accepted |
Bidens frondosa var. anomala Porter ex Fernald |
Synonym |
Bidens frondosa var. frondosa |
Synonym |
Bidens melanocarpa Wiegand |
Synonym |
|
Flowering phenology » |
Begin of flowering (months) |
8 |
End of flowering (months) |
9 |
Duration of flowering (months) |
2 |
Number of flowering phases |
0 |
Symphenological Groups » |
Phenological group |
8 (Clematis vitalba-Galium sylvaticum-Phase) Phenological season: midsummer |
Reference |
Dierschke, H 1995: Phänologische und symphänologische Artengruppen von Blütenpflanzen in Mitteleuropa. Tuexenia 15: 523-560 |
|
Type of reproduction » |
Type of reproduction |
s (by seed/by spore) |
Reference |
Krumbiegel, A. 2002: Morphologie der vegetativen Organe (außer Blätter). In: Klotz, S., Kühn, I., Durka, W. (Hrsg.) BiolFlor - Biologisch-ökologische Daten zur Flora Deutschlands, S. 1-2, Bonn |
Type of seed production » |
Type of seed production |
s (amphimictic, sexual) |
Reference |
Sherff, E. 1937: The genus Bidens. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA |
Dicliny » |
Dicliny |
so (hermaphroditic) |
Abundance |
always [1] |
Reference |
Jäger, E.J., Werner, K. (Hrsg.) 2002: Rothmaler. Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Gefäßpflanzen: Kritischer Band. 9. Aufl., Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg |
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility » |
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility |
SC (self-compatibel) |
Reference |
Sherff, E. 1937: The genus Bidens. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
Pollen vector » |
Pollen vector |
se (selfing) Pollen vector group: se (Selbstbestäubung) |
Abundance |
the rule [2] |
Reference |
Helenurm, K., Ganders, F.R. 1985: Adaptive radiation and genetic differentiation in Hawaiian Bidens. Evolution 39:753-765 |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
Breeding system » |
Breeding system |
AO (autogamous) |
Reference |
Anmerkung 2002: vgl. Klassifizierungsschema Abb. |
Flower color » |
Flower colour |
brownish yellow |
Basic flower colour |
br (brown) |
Reference |
Schubert, R., Jäger, E.J., Werner, K. (Hrsg.) 1987: Exkursionsflora Band 3. Atlas der Gefäßpflanzen. 6. Aufl., Volk und Wissen, Berlin |
UV reflection of the flower » |
UV reflection in the periphery of the flower |
2 (8-15 %) |
UV reflection in the centre of the flower |
1 (0-7 %) |
UV reflection pattern |
1 (UV reflectance pattern present) |
Flower class after MUELLER » |
Flower class after MUELLER |
B` (flower associations with totally hidden nectar) Typical pollinators: bees, bumble bees, wasps, bombylides, syrphids |
Flower type after KUGLER » |
Flower type after KUGLER |
7.2a (flower heads, Asteraceae, only disk flowers) |
|
Fruit type » |
Fruit type |
Nu (nut) |
Diaspore type » |
Diaspore type |
FZb (fruit with appendage) |
Germinule type » |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Germinule type |
F (fruit) |
Information available |
True |
Development of nutritious appendages |
|
Development of flat appendages |
|
Development of elongated appendages |
sometimes [2] |
Development of additional appendages |
|
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Germinule type |
FZb (fruit with appendage) |
Information available |
True |
Development of nutritious appendages |
|
Development of flat appendages |
|
Development of elongated appendages |
always [1] |
Development of additional appendages |
|
Weights » |
Measured object |
Germinule |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
FZb (fruit with appendage) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Weight (minimum) [mg] |
2.5 |
Weight (mean) [mg] |
3.3 |
Weight (maximum) [mg] |
4.0 |
Measured object |
Diaspore |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
FZb (fruit with appendage) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Weight (minimum) [mg] |
2.5 |
Weight (mean) [mg] |
3.3 |
Weight (maximum) [mg] |
4.0 |
Sizes » |
Measured object |
Germinule |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
F (fruit) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Length (minimum) [mm] |
7.0 |
Length (mean) [mm] |
7.9 |
Length (maximum) [mm] |
9.0 |
Width (minimum) [mm] |
2.1 |
Width (mean) [mm] |
2.4 |
Width (maximum) [mm] |
3.1 |
Height (minimum) [mm] |
1.0 |
Height (mean) [mm] |
1.1 |
Height (maximum) [mm] |
1.1 |
Measured object |
Diaspore |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
FZb (fruit with appendage) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Length (minimum) [mm] |
9.1 |
Length (mean) [mm] |
10.1 |
Length (maximum) [mm] |
11.5 |
Width (minimum) [mm] |
2.1 |
Width (mean) [mm] |
2.4 |
Width (maximum) [mm] |
3.1 |
Height (minimum) [mm] |
1.0 |
Height (mean) [mm] |
1.1 |
Height (maximum) [mm] |
1.1 |
Measured object |
Germinule |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
FZb (fruit with appendage) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Length (minimum) [mm] |
9.1 |
Length (mean) [mm] |
10.1 |
Length (maximum) [mm] |
11.5 |
Width (minimum) [mm] |
2.1 |
Width (mean) [mm] |
2.4 |
Width (maximum) [mm] |
3.1 |
Height (minimum) [mm] |
1.0 |
Height (mean) [mm] |
1.1 |
Height (maximum) [mm] |
1.1 |
special references:
|
Grime, J.P., Mason, G., Curtis, A.V., Rodman, J., Band, S.R., Mowforth, M.A., Neal, A.M., Shaw, S. 1981: A comparative study of germination characteristics in a local flora. Journal of Ecology 69:1017-1069 (Gattung)
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Duty, J. 1960: Floristische Beiträge zur geobotanischen Geländearbeit in Mitteldeutschland (V). Notiz zu Bidens melanocarpus WIEGAND (=B. frondosa). Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift MLU Halle-Wittenberg IX:421 (Gattung)
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Hanf, M. 1984: Ackerunkräuter Europas mit ihren Keimlingen und Samen. . BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Wien, Zürich. (Gattung)
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Habitat » |
Habitat |
L4.1 (null) Alliance: ???
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
True |
Annotation |
nur Ufer |
Habitat |
L5.2.4 (null) Alliance: Bidentetea tripartiti
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
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Class » |
English circumscription |
05.5 (Communities of flooded and trampled grasslands) Class: Agrostietea stoloniferae
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English circumscription |
06.2 (Bur-marigold and orache bank communities) Class: Bidentetea tripartitae
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English circumscription |
06.6 (Chickweed and other field weed communities) Class: Stellarietea mediae
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English circumscription |
09.3 (Willow marsh shrublands) Class: Carici-Salicetea cinereae
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English circumscription |
09.4 (Willow communities of river banks and floodplains) Class: Salicetea purpureae
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