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Overview of all traits of a species

species information (Systematics, BiolFlor-Names, Status)
BiolFlor-Name family german name(s)
Bidens frondosa L. Asteraceae » Schwarzfrüchtiger Zweizahn
reference
Kühn, I., Klotz, S. 2002: Systematik, Taxonomie und Nomenklatur. In: Klotz, S., Kühn, I., Durka, W. (Hrsg.): BIOLFLOR - Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland. Schriftenreihe für Vegetationskunde. Bonn »
 
Synonymy (taxonomy after Wisskirchen & Haeupler, 1998)
Bidens frondosa L. accepted
Bidens frondosa var. anomala Porter ex Fernald Synonym
Bidens frondosa var. frondosa Synonym
Bidens melanocarpa Wiegand Synonym
 
group of traits: Status »
Floristic status »
Floristic status N (neophyte)
Evolutionary origin »
Evolutionary origin u (unknown)
Region of origin »
Region of origin 0 (not specified)
Endemism »
Endemism 0 (not specified)
Reference unbekannt
Mode of introduction »
Mode of introduction B (contaminant)
Time and region of first naturalization »
Region of naturalization D (Germany)
Time of first naturalization 1891
Region of naturalization ME (Central Europe)
Time of first naturalization 1736/1894-1955
Degree of naturalization »
Maximum degree of naturalization AG (agriophyte)
 
group of traits: Chromosome number »
Chromosome number »
Basic chromosome number 12
Chromosome number 2n 48
Chromosome number (Germany) True
Most common chromosome race False
Ploidy level 4 (tetraploid)
Ploidy type R (palaeopolyploid; polyploid basic number)
Reference Oberdorfer, E. 1983: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora. Ulmer, Stuttgart
 
group of traits: Phylogeny »
Phylogeny code »
Phylogeny code BBBBBBBBBABABBABBABAAABAAAABABA
 
group of traits: Morphology »
Life form »
Life form T (Therophyte)
Qualifier always [1]
Life span »
Life span a (annual)
Qualifier always [1]
Rosettes »
Rosettes r (Erosulate plant)
Qualifier always [1]
 
group of traits: Leaf traits »
Leaf persistence »
Leaf persistence s (summer green)
Leaf anatomy »
Leaf anatomy m (mesomorphic)
Leaf anatomy e (helomorphic)
Leaf form »
Leaf form gefie (pinnate)
 
group of traits: Flowering phenology »
Flowering phenology »
Begin of flowering (months) 8
End of flowering (months) 9
Duration of flowering (months) 2
Number of flowering phases 0
Symphenological Groups »
Phenological group 8 (Clematis vitalba-Galium sylvaticum-Phase)
Phenological season: midsummer
Reference Dierschke, H 1995: Phänologische und symphänologische Artengruppen von Blütenpflanzen in Mitteleuropa. Tuexenia 15: 523-560
 
group of traits: Floral and reproductive biology »
Type of reproduction »
Type of reproduction s (by seed/by spore)
Reference Krumbiegel, A. 2002: Morphologie der vegetativen Organe (außer Blätter). In: Klotz, S., Kühn, I., Durka, W. (Hrsg.) BiolFlor - Biologisch-ökologische Daten zur Flora Deutschlands, S. 1-2, Bonn
Type of seed production »
Type of seed production s (amphimictic, sexual)
Reference Sherff, E. 1937: The genus Bidens. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA
Dicliny »
Dicliny so (hermaphroditic)
Abundance always [1]
Reference Jäger, E.J., Werner, K. (Hrsg.) 2002: Rothmaler. Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Gefäßpflanzen: Kritischer Band. 9. Aufl., Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility »
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility SC (self-compatibel)
Reference Sherff, E. 1937: The genus Bidens. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA
Systematic reference species [S]
Pollen vector »
Pollen vector se (selfing)
Pollen vector group: se (Selbstbestäubung)
Abundance the rule [2]
Reference Helenurm, K., Ganders, F.R. 1985: Adaptive radiation and genetic differentiation in Hawaiian Bidens. Evolution 39:753-765
Systematic reference species [S]
Breeding system »
Breeding system AO (autogamous)
Reference Anmerkung 2002: vgl. Klassifizierungsschema Abb.
Flower color »
Flower colour brownish yellow
Basic flower colour br (brown)
Reference Schubert, R., Jäger, E.J., Werner, K. (Hrsg.) 1987: Exkursionsflora Band 3. Atlas der Gefäßpflanzen. 6. Aufl., Volk und Wissen, Berlin
UV reflection of the flower »
UV reflection in the periphery of the flower 2 (8-15 %)
UV reflection in the centre of the flower 1 (0-7 %)
UV reflection pattern 1 (UV reflectance pattern present)
Flower class after MUELLER »
Flower class after MUELLER B` (flower associations with totally hidden nectar)
Typical pollinators: bees, bumble bees, wasps, bombylides, syrphids
Flower type after KUGLER »
Flower type after KUGLER 7.2a (flower heads, Asteraceae, only disk flowers)
 
group of traits: Seed traits »
Fruit type »
Fruit type Nu (nut)
Diaspore type »
Diaspore type FZb (fruit with appendage)
Germinule type »
Heteromorphic type n (not heteromorphic)
Germinule type F (fruit)
Information available True
Development of nutritious appendages  
Development of flat appendages  
Development of elongated appendages sometimes [2]
Development of additional appendages  
Heteromorphic type n (not heteromorphic)
Germinule type FZb (fruit with appendage)
Information available True
Development of nutritious appendages  
Development of flat appendages  
Development of elongated appendages always [1]
Development of additional appendages  
Weights »
Measured object Germinule
Type of germinule or diaspore FZb (fruit with appendage)
Constraint False
Heteromorphic type n (not heteromorphic)
Weight (minimum) [mg] 2.5
Weight (mean) [mg] 3.3
Weight (maximum) [mg] 4.0
Measured object Diaspore
Type of germinule or diaspore FZb (fruit with appendage)
Constraint False
Heteromorphic type n (not heteromorphic)
Weight (minimum) [mg] 2.5
Weight (mean) [mg] 3.3
Weight (maximum) [mg] 4.0
Sizes »
Measured object Germinule
Type of germinule or diaspore F (fruit)
Constraint False
Heteromorphic type n (not heteromorphic)
Length (minimum) [mm] 7.0
Length (mean) [mm] 7.9
Length (maximum) [mm] 9.0
Width (minimum) [mm] 2.1
Width (mean) [mm] 2.4
Width (maximum) [mm] 3.1
Height (minimum) [mm] 1.0
Height (mean) [mm] 1.1
Height (maximum) [mm] 1.1
Measured object Diaspore
Type of germinule or diaspore FZb (fruit with appendage)
Constraint False
Heteromorphic type n (not heteromorphic)
Length (minimum) [mm] 9.1
Length (mean) [mm] 10.1
Length (maximum) [mm] 11.5
Width (minimum) [mm] 2.1
Width (mean) [mm] 2.4
Width (maximum) [mm] 3.1
Height (minimum) [mm] 1.0
Height (mean) [mm] 1.1
Height (maximum) [mm] 1.1
Measured object Germinule
Type of germinule or diaspore FZb (fruit with appendage)
Constraint False
Heteromorphic type n (not heteromorphic)
Length (minimum) [mm] 9.1
Length (mean) [mm] 10.1
Length (maximum) [mm] 11.5
Width (minimum) [mm] 2.1
Width (mean) [mm] 2.4
Width (maximum) [mm] 3.1
Height (minimum) [mm] 1.0
Height (mean) [mm] 1.1
Height (maximum) [mm] 1.1
special references:
Grime, J.P., Mason, G., Curtis, A.V., Rodman, J., Band, S.R., Mowforth, M.A., Neal, A.M., Shaw, S. 1981: A comparative study of germination characteristics in a local flora. Journal of Ecology 69:1017-1069 (Gattung)
Duty, J. 1960: Floristische Beiträge zur geobotanischen Geländearbeit in Mitteldeutschland (V). Notiz zu Bidens melanocarpus WIEGAND (=B. frondosa). Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift MLU Halle-Wittenberg IX:421 (Gattung)
Hanf, M. 1984: Ackerunkräuter Europas mit ihren Keimlingen und Samen. . BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Wien, Zürich. (Gattung)
 
group of traits: Ecological strategy »
Strategy type »
Strategy type cr (competitors/ruderals)
 
group of traits: Range »
Floristic zone and altitudinal level »
Floristic zone e (submeridional)
Altitudinal level  
Status natural range
Floristic zone p (southern temperate)
Altitudinal level  
Status anthropogenic range
Floristic zone n (northern temperate)
Altitudinal level  
Status natural range
Number of inhabited floristic zones »
Number of inhabited floristic zones 2
Floristic region »
Floristic region e (Europe)
Continent of floristic region: e (Europa)
Status anthropogenic range
Floristic region m (Americas)
Continent of floristic region: m (Amerika)
Status anthropogenic range
 
group of traits: Hemeroby »
Hemeroby »
Hemeroby m (mesohemerobic)
Hemeroby b (b-euhemerobic)
Hemeroby c (a-euhemerobic)
Hemeroby p (polyhemerobic)
Number of hemerobic levels »
Number of hemerobic levels 4
 
group of traits: Urbanity »
Urbanity »
Urbanity 3 (urbanoneutral)
 
group of traits: Habitats »
Habitat »
Habitat L4.1 (null)
Alliance: ???
Occurrence questionable False
Occurence restricted True
Annotation nur Ufer
Habitat L5.2.4 (null)
Alliance: Bidentetea tripartiti
Occurrence questionable False
Occurence restricted False
Annotation  
 
group of traits: Sociology »
Class »
English circumscription 05.5 (Communities of flooded and trampled grasslands)
Class: Agrostietea stoloniferae
English circumscription 06.2 (Bur-marigold and orache bank communities)
Class: Bidentetea tripartitae
English circumscription 06.6 (Chickweed and other field weed communities)
Class: Stellarietea mediae
English circumscription 09.3 (Willow marsh shrublands)
Class: Carici-Salicetea cinereae
English circumscription 09.4 (Willow communities of river banks and floodplains)
Class: Salicetea purpureae
 
 
groups of traits for this species
Status »
Chromosome number »
Phylogeny »
Morphology »
Leaf traits »
Flowering phenology »
Floral and reproductive biology »
Seed traits »
Ecological strategy »
Range »
Hemeroby »
Urbanity »
Habitats »
Sociology »


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