species information (Systematics, BiolFlor-Names, Status) |
BiolFlor-Name |
family |
german name(s) |
Betula pendula Roth |
Betulaceae » |
Warzen-Birke
Hänge-Birke
|
reference |
Kühn, I., Klotz, S. 2002: Systematik, Taxonomie und Nomenklatur. In: Klotz, S., Kühn, I., Durka, W. (Hrsg.): BIOLFLOR - Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland. Schriftenreihe für Vegetationskunde. Bonn »
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Synonymy (taxonomy after Wisskirchen & Haeupler, 1998) |
Betula pendula Roth |
accepted |
Betula verrucosa Ehrh. |
Synonym |
Betula alba , auct., non L. 1753 |
Synonym |
|
Flowering phenology » |
Begin of flowering (months) |
4 |
End of flowering (months) |
5 |
Duration of flowering (months) |
2 |
Number of flowering phases |
0 |
Symphenological Groups » |
Phenological group |
3 (Prunus avium-Ranunculus auricomus-Phase) Phenological season: end of early spring |
Reference |
Dierschke, H 1995: Phänologische und symphänologische Artengruppen von Blütenpflanzen in Mitteleuropa. Tuexenia 15: 523-560 |
|
Type of reproduction » |
Type of reproduction |
s (by seed/by spore) |
Reference |
Atkinson, M.D. 1992: Biological Flora of the British Isles: Betula pendula Roth. (Betula verrucosa Ehrh.) and Betula pubescens Ehrh.. Journal of Ecology 80:837-870 |
Type of seed production » |
Type of seed production |
s (amphimictic, sexual) |
Reference |
Bengt, J. (Hrsg.) 2000: Flora Nordica 1. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm |
Dicliny » |
Dicliny |
mo (monoecious) |
Abundance |
always [1] |
Reference |
Rothmaler, W. 1990: Exkursionsflora. Band 4, Kritischer Band. 8. Aufl., Verlag Volk und Wissen, Berlin |
Dichogamy » |
Dichogamy |
g2 (protogynous) |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility » |
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility |
SI (self-incompatibel) |
Reference |
Atkinson, M.D. 1992: Biological Flora of the British Isles: Betula pendula Roth. (Betula verrucosa Ehrh.) and Betula pubescens Ehrh.. Journal of Ecology 80:837-870 |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
SI mechanism » |
SI mechanism |
GSI (gametophytic self-incompatibility) |
Reference |
de Nettancourt, D. 1977: Incompatibility in angiosperms. Springer, Berlin |
Pollen vector » |
Pollen vector |
wi (wind) Pollen vector group: ab (abiotische Bestäubung) |
Abundance |
always [1] |
Reference |
Atkinson, M.D. 1992: Biological Flora of the British Isles: Betula pendula Roth. (Betula verrucosa Ehrh.) and Betula pubescens Ehrh.. Journal of Ecology 80:837-870 |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
Breeding system » |
Breeding system |
X (allogamous) |
Reference |
Anmerkung 2002: xenogam, da SI |
P/O ratio » |
P/O ratio |
6734.0 |
Reference |
Pohl, F. 1937: Die Pollenerzeugung der Windblütler. Beihefte zum Botanischen Centralblatt, Abt. A 56:365-470 |
Floral rewards » |
Floral rewards |
1 (nectar) |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Amount of floral reward |
1 (none) |
Flower color » |
Flower colour |
light brownish green |
Basic flower colour |
gr (green) |
Reference |
Schubert, R., Jäger, E.J., Werner, K. (Hrsg.) 1987: Exkursionsflora Band 3. Atlas der Gefäßpflanzen. 6. Aufl., Volk und Wissen, Berlin |
Flower class after MUELLER » |
Flower class after MUELLER |
W (wind flowers) Typical pollinators: - |
Flower type after KUGLER » |
Flower type after KUGLER |
0 (not applicable) |
|
Fruit type » |
Fruit type |
Nu (nut) |
Diaspore type » |
Diaspore type |
F (fruit) |
Diaspore type |
FZb (fruit with appendage) |
Germinule type » |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Germinule type |
F (fruit) |
Information available |
True |
Development of nutritious appendages |
|
Development of flat appendages |
always [1] |
Development of elongated appendages |
|
Development of additional appendages |
|
Weights » |
Measured object |
Germinule |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
F (fruit) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Weight (minimum) [mg] |
0.1 |
Weight (mean) [mg] |
0.1 |
Weight (maximum) [mg] |
0.2 |
Measured object |
Diaspore |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
F (fruit) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Weight (minimum) [mg] |
0.1 |
Weight (mean) [mg] |
0.1 |
Weight (maximum) [mg] |
0.2 |
Sizes » |
Measured object |
Germinule |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
F (fruit) |
Constraint |
True |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Length (minimum) [mm] |
1.5 |
Length (mean) [mm] |
1.8 |
Length (maximum) [mm] |
2.7 |
Width (minimum) [mm] |
0.7 |
Width (mean) [mm] |
1.0 |
Width (maximum) [mm] |
1.3 |
Height (minimum) [mm] |
0.1 |
Height (mean) [mm] |
0.2 |
Height (maximum) [mm] |
0.5 |
Measured object |
Diaspore |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
F (fruit) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Length (minimum) [mm] |
3.0 |
Length (mean) [mm] |
4.4 |
Length (maximum) [mm] |
5.6 |
Width (minimum) [mm] |
2.0 |
Width (mean) [mm] |
2.7 |
Width (maximum) [mm] |
3.5 |
Height (minimum) [mm] |
0.1 |
Height (mean) [mm] |
0.2 |
Height (maximum) [mm] |
0.5 |
Measured object |
Germinule |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
F (fruit) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Length (minimum) [mm] |
3.0 |
Length (mean) [mm] |
4.4 |
Length (maximum) [mm] |
5.6 |
Width (minimum) [mm] |
2.0 |
Width (mean) [mm] |
2.7 |
Width (maximum) [mm] |
3.5 |
Height (minimum) [mm] |
0.1 |
Height (mean) [mm] |
0.2 |
Height (maximum) [mm] |
0.5 |
special references:
|
Grime, J.P., Mason, G., Curtis, A.V., Rodman, J., Band, S.R., Mowforth, M.A., Neal, A.M., Shaw, S. 1981: A comparative study of germination characteristics in a local flora. Journal of Ecology 69:1017-1069 (Gattung)
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Brzeziecki, B., Kienast, F. 1994: Classifying the life-history strategies of trees on the basis of the Grimian model. Forest Ecology and Management 69:167-187 (Gattung)
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Atkinson, M.D. 1992: Biological Flora of the British Isles: Betula pendula Roth. (Betula verrucosa Ehrh.) and Betula pubescens Ehrh.. Journal of Ecology 80:837-870 (Gattung)
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Beijerink, W. 1947: Zadenatlas der Nederlandsche Flora. Biol. Stat. Wijster, Wageningen (Gattung)
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Berggren, G. 1981: Atlas of seeds and small fruits of Northwest-European plant species with morphological descriptions. - Part 3 (Salicaceae-Cruciferaceae). Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm (Gattung)
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Brouwer, W., Stählin, A. 1955: Handbuch der Samenkunde. DLG-Verlag, Frankfurt/Main (Gattung)
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Müller, P. 1955: Verbreitungsbiologie (Diasporologie) der Blütenpflanzen. Veröffentlichungen des Geobotanischen Institutes Rübel Zürich . Verlag Hans Huber, Bern. (Gattung)
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Peinado, M., Moreno, G. 1989: The genus Betula (Betulaceae) in the Sistema Central (Spain). Willdenowia 18:343-359 (Gattung)
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Habitat » |
Habitat |
T1.1.1.1 (null) Alliance: Luzulo-Fagenion
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
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Habitat |
T1.1.2.5 (null) Alliance: Quercion robori-petraeae
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
T1.4.4 (null) Alliance: Rhododendro-Vaccinion
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
True |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
T3.1 (null) Alliance: Betulo-Adenostyletea
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
True |
Annotation |
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Class » |
English circumscription |
07.4 (Communities of clear-felled areas) Class: Epilobietea angustifolii
|
English circumscription |
09.2 (Acidic deciduous bush communities) Class: Franguletea
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English circumscription |
09.5 (Blackthorn and buckthorn shrubs) Class: Rhamno-Prunetea spinosae
|
English circumscription |
10.2 (Mesophilous, summer-green deciduous forests) Class: Carpino-Fagetea
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English circumscription |
10.3 (Birch-oak forests) Class: Quercetea robori-petraeae
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English circumscription |
10.4 (Thermophilous dry oak forests) Class: Quercetea pubescentis-petraeae
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English circumscription |
10.6 (Pine steppe-forests) Class: Pulsatillo-Pinetea sylvestris
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English circumscription |
10.8 (Boreal-continental coniferous forests with dwarf scrubs) Class: Vaccinio-Piceetea
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English circumscription |
10.9 (Bog bilberry pine-forests) Class: Vaccinio uliginosi-Pinetea
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