species information (Systematics, BiolFlor-Names, Status) |
BiolFlor-Name |
family |
german name(s) |
Sonchus oleraceus L. |
Asteraceae » |
Kohl-Gänsedistel
|
reference |
Kühn, I., Klotz, S. 2002: Systematik, Taxonomie und Nomenklatur. In: Klotz, S., Kühn, I., Durka, W. (Hrsg.): BIOLFLOR - Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland. Schriftenreihe für Vegetationskunde. Bonn »
|
|
Synonymy (taxonomy after Wisskirchen & Haeupler, 1998) |
Sonchus oleraceus L. |
accepted |
Sonchus oleraceus var. laevis L. |
Synonym |
Sonchus oleraceus var. integrifolius Wallr. |
Synonym |
Sonchus oleraceus var. triangularis Wallr. |
Synonym |
Sonchus oleraceus var. lacerus Wallr. |
Synonym |
|
Chromosome number » |
Basic chromosome number |
8 |
Chromosome number 2n |
32 |
Chromosome number (Germany) |
True |
Most common chromosome race |
False |
Ploidy level |
4 (tetraploid) |
Ploidy type |
P (polyploid with haploid basic number) |
Reference |
Oberdorfer, E. 1983: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora. Ulmer, Stuttgart |
|
DNA content » |
DNA content (pg/2C) |
3.2 |
Chromosome number |
32 |
Quality |
chromosome number known and occurring in Germany [b] |
Authorised in BENNET & LEITCH 2001 |
True |
Reference |
Bennett, M.D., Smith, J.S. 1991: Nuclear DNA amounts in angiosperms. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 334:309-345 |
|
Life form » |
Life form |
H (Hemicryptophyte) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Life form |
T (Therophyte) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Life span » |
Life span |
a (annual) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Rosettes » |
Rosettes |
h (Hemirosette plant) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
special references:
|
Lewin, R.A. 1948: Biological Flora of the British Isles: Sonchus oleraceus L. emend. Gouan. Journal of Ecology 36:204-216
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Hutchinson, I., Colosi, J., Lewin, R.A. 1984: The biology of Canadian weeds. 63. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill and S. oleraceus L.. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 64:731-744
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Flowering phenology » |
Begin of flowering (months) |
6 |
End of flowering (months) |
10 |
Duration of flowering (months) |
5 |
Number of flowering phases |
0 |
Symphenological Groups » |
Phenological group |
7 (Ligustrum-Stachys sylvatica-Phase) Phenological season: end of early summer |
Reference |
Dierschke, H 1995: Phänologische und symphänologische Artengruppen von Blütenpflanzen in Mitteleuropa. Tuexenia 15: 523-560 |
|
Type of reproduction » |
Type of reproduction |
s (by seed/by spore) |
Reference |
Hutchinson, I., Colosi, J., Lewin, R.A. 1984: The biology of Canadian weeds. 63. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill and S. oleraceus L.. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 64:731-744 |
Type of seed production » |
Type of seed production |
s (amphimictic, sexual) |
Reference |
Lewin, R.A. 1948: Biological Flora of the British Isles: Sonchus oleraceus L. emend. Gouan. Journal of Ecology 36:204-216 |
Dicliny » |
Dicliny |
so (hermaphroditic) |
Abundance |
always [1] |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Dichogamy » |
Dichogamy |
a2 (protandrous) |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility » |
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility |
SC (self-compatibel) |
Reference |
Hutchinson, I., Colosi, J., Lewin, R.A. 1984: The biology of Canadian weeds. 63. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill and S. oleraceus L.. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 64:731-744 |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
Pollen vector » |
Pollen vector |
se (selfing) Pollen vector group: se (Selbstbestäubung) |
Abundance |
the rule [2] |
Reference |
Hutchinson, I., Colosi, J., Lewin, R.A. 1984: The biology of Canadian weeds. 63. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill and S. oleraceus L.. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 64:731-744 |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
Breeding system » |
Breeding system |
AO (autogamous) |
Reference |
Lumaret, R., Guillerm, J.L., Maillet, J., Verlaque, R. 1997: Plant species diversity and polyploidy in islands of natural vegetation isolated in extensive cultivated lands. Biodiversity and Conservation 6:591-613 |
Floral rewards » |
Floral rewards |
1 (nectar) |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Amount of floral reward |
3 (present) |
Flower color » |
Flower colour |
light yellow |
Basic flower colour |
g (yellow) |
Reference |
Schubert, R., Jäger, E.J., Werner, K. (Hrsg.) 1987: Exkursionsflora Band 3. Atlas der Gefäßpflanzen. 6. Aufl., Volk und Wissen, Berlin |
UV reflection of the flower » |
UV reflection in the periphery of the flower |
4 (28-39 %) |
UV reflection in the centre of the flower |
1 (0-7 %) |
UV reflection pattern |
1 (UV reflectance pattern present) |
Flower class after MUELLER » |
Flower class after MUELLER |
B` (flower associations with totally hidden nectar) Typical pollinators: bees, bumble bees, wasps, bombylides, syrphids |
Flower type after KUGLER » |
Flower type after KUGLER |
7.2b (flower heads, Asteraceae, only ray flowers) |
|
Fruit type » |
Fruit type |
Nu (nut) |
Diaspore type » |
Diaspore type |
F (fruit) |
Diaspore type |
FZb (fruit with appendage) |
Germinule type » |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Germinule type |
F (fruit) |
Information available |
True |
Development of nutritious appendages |
|
Development of flat appendages |
|
Development of elongated appendages |
|
Development of additional appendages |
|
Weights » |
Measured object |
Germinule |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
F (fruit) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Weight (minimum) [mg] |
0.2 |
Weight (mean) [mg] |
0.3 |
Weight (maximum) [mg] |
0.3 |
Measured object |
Diaspore |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
F (fruit) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Weight (minimum) [mg] |
0.2 |
Weight (mean) [mg] |
0.3 |
Weight (maximum) [mg] |
0.3 |
Measured object |
Diaspore |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
FZb (fruit with appendage) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Weight (minimum) [mg] |
|
Weight (mean) [mg] |
0.5 |
Weight (maximum) [mg] |
|
Sizes » |
Measured object |
Germinule |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
F (fruit) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Length (minimum) [mm] |
2.4 |
Length (mean) [mm] |
2.9 |
Length (maximum) [mm] |
3.4 |
Width (minimum) [mm] |
0.8 |
Width (mean) [mm] |
0.9 |
Width (maximum) [mm] |
1.2 |
Height (minimum) [mm] |
0.2 |
Height (mean) [mm] |
0.2 |
Height (maximum) [mm] |
0.4 |
Measured object |
Diaspore |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
F (fruit) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Length (minimum) [mm] |
2.4 |
Length (mean) [mm] |
2.9 |
Length (maximum) [mm] |
3.4 |
Width (minimum) [mm] |
0.8 |
Width (mean) [mm] |
0.9 |
Width (maximum) [mm] |
1.2 |
Height (minimum) [mm] |
0.2 |
Height (mean) [mm] |
0.2 |
Height (maximum) [mm] |
0.4 |
Measured object |
Diaspore |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
FZb (fruit with appendage) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Length (minimum) [mm] |
|
Length (mean) [mm] |
6.5 |
Length (maximum) [mm] |
|
Width (minimum) [mm] |
0.8 |
Width (mean) [mm] |
0.9 |
Width (maximum) [mm] |
1.2 |
Height (minimum) [mm] |
0.2 |
Height (mean) [mm] |
0.2 |
Height (maximum) [mm] |
0.4 |
special references:
|
Grime, J.P., Mason, G., Curtis, A.V., Rodman, J., Band, S.R., Mowforth, M.A., Neal, A.M., Shaw, S. 1981: A comparative study of germination characteristics in a local flora. Journal of Ecology 69:1017-1069 (Gattung)
|
Grime, J.P., Hodgson, J.G., Hunt, R. 1988: Comparative Plant Ecology. Unwin Hyman, London (Gattung)
|
Brouwer, W., Stählin, A. 1955: Handbuch der Samenkunde. DLG-Verlag, Frankfurt/Main (Gattung)
|
Cremer, J., Partzsch, M., Zimmermann, M., Schwär, C., Goltz, H. 1991: Acker- und Gartenwildkräuter: ein Bestimmungsbuch. . Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag, Berlin. (Gattung)
|
Hanf, M. 1984: Ackerunkräuter Europas mit ihren Keimlingen und Samen. . BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Wien, Zürich. (Gattung)
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|
Habitat » |
Habitat |
T10.3.3.1 (null) Alliance: ???
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
T8.3 (null) Alliance: Sisymbrienea
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
T8.3.1 (null) Alliance: Sisymbrion
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
T9.1 (null) Alliance: Violenea arvensis
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
T9.3 (null) Alliance: ???
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
|
Class » |
English circumscription |
06.4 (Annual ruderal communities) Class: Sisymbrietea officinalis
|
English circumscription |
06.6 (Chickweed and other field weed communities) Class: Stellarietea mediae
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