species information (Systematics, BiolFlor-Names, Status) |
BiolFlor-Name |
family |
german name(s) |
Urtica dioica L. s. l. |
Urticaceae » |
Große Brennnessel
|
reference |
Kühn, I., Klotz, S. 2002: Systematik, Taxonomie und Nomenklatur. In: Klotz, S., Kühn, I., Durka, W. (Hrsg.): BIOLFLOR - Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland. Schriftenreihe für Vegetationskunde. Bonn »
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Synonymy (taxonomy after Wisskirchen & Haeupler, 1998) |
Urtica dioica L. |
accepted |
Urtica dioica agg. |
Synonym |
Urtica dioica - group |
Synonym |
>Urtica dioica subsp. galeopsifolia (Wierzb. ex Opiz) Chrtek |
accepted |
>Urtica galeopsifolia Wierzb. ex Opiz |
Synonym |
>Urtica dioica subsp. dioica |
accepted |
>Urtica dioica L., s. str. |
Synonym |
|
Chromosome number » |
Basic chromosome number |
13 |
Chromosome number 2n |
26 |
Chromosome number (Germany) |
False |
Most common chromosome race |
False |
Ploidy level |
2 (diploid) |
Ploidy type |
R (palaeopolyploid; polyploid basic number) |
Reference |
Dobes, C., Vitek, E. 2000: Documented chromosome number checklist of Austrian vascular plants. Verlag des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien, Wien |
Basic chromosome number |
12 |
Chromosome number 2n |
48 |
Chromosome number (Germany) |
True |
Most common chromosome race |
False |
Ploidy level |
4 (tetraploid) |
Ploidy type |
R (palaeopolyploid; polyploid basic number) |
Reference |
Oberdorfer, E. 1983: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora. Ulmer, Stuttgart |
Basic chromosome number |
13 |
Chromosome number 2n |
52 |
Chromosome number (Germany) |
True |
Most common chromosome race |
False |
Ploidy level |
4 (tetraploid) |
Ploidy type |
R (palaeopolyploid; polyploid basic number) |
Reference |
Oberdorfer, E. 1983: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora. Ulmer, Stuttgart |
|
DNA content » |
DNA content (pg/2C) |
3.2 |
Chromosome number |
52 |
Quality |
chromosome number known and occurring in Germany [b] |
Authorised in BENNET & LEITCH 2001 |
True |
Reference |
Bennett, M.D., Smith, J.S. 1991: Nuclear DNA amounts in angiosperms. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 334:309-345 |
|
Life form » |
Life form |
C (Chamaephyte) |
Qualifier |
sometimes [2] |
Life form |
H (Hemicryptophyte) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Life span » |
Life span |
p (pluriennial-pollakanthic) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Vegetative propagation » |
Vegetative propagation |
a (Runner) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Storage organs » |
Storage organs |
a (Runner) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Shoot metamorphoses » |
Shoot metamorphoses |
a (Runner) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Rosettes » |
Rosettes |
r (Erosulate plant) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
special references:
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Greig-Smith, P. 1948: Biological Flora of the British Isles: Urtica dioica L.. Journal of Ecology 36:343-351
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Bassett, I.J., Crompton, C.W., Woodland, D.W. 1977: The biology of Canadian weeds. 21. Urtica dioica L.. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 57:491-498
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Lukasiewicz, A. 1962: Morfologizno-rozwojowe typy bylin (Morphologic development types of perennials). The Poznan Soc. of Friends of Science. Dept. math. -nat. Sci. Publ. Ser. Biol. (Posen) 27:1-398
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Ebel, F., Mühlberg, H. 1987: Vergleichend-ökomorphologische Untersuchungen an Pflanzen-Taxa eines Trocken- und Feuchtbiotops. Hercynia N. F. 24:408-424
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Wareing, P.F. 1964: The developmental physiology of rhizomatous and creeping plants. Seventh Brit. Weed Contr. Conf. 1:1020-1030
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Kutschera, L., Lichtenegger, E. 1992: Wurzelatlas mitteleuropäischer Grünlandpflanzen. Bd. 2 Pteridophyta und Dicotyledonae (Magnoliopsida). Teil I Morphologie, Anatomie, Ökologie, Verbreitung, Soziologie, Wirtschaft. Fischer, Stuttgart, Jena, New York
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Raunkiaer, C. 1934: The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Oxford
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Flowering phenology » |
Begin of flowering (months) |
7 |
End of flowering (months) |
10 |
Duration of flowering (months) |
4 |
Number of flowering phases |
0 |
Symphenological Groups » |
Phenological group |
7 (Ligustrum-Stachys sylvatica-Phase) Phenological season: end of early summer |
Reference |
Dierschke, H 1995: Phänologische und symphänologische Artengruppen von Blütenpflanzen in Mitteleuropa. Tuexenia 15: 523-560 |
|
Type of reproduction » |
Type of reproduction |
sv (by seed and vegetatively) |
Reference |
Greig-Smith, P. 1948: Biological Flora of the British Isles: Urtica dioica L.. Journal of Ecology 36:343-351 |
Type of seed production » |
Type of seed production |
s (amphimictic, sexual) |
Reference |
Greig-Smith, P. 1948: Biological Flora of the British Isles: Urtica dioica L.. Journal of Ecology 36:343-351 |
Dicliny » |
Dicliny |
do (dioecious) |
Abundance |
always [1] |
Reference |
Bassett, I.J., Crompton, C.W., Woodland, D.W. 1977: The biology of Canadian weeds. 21. Urtica dioica L.. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 57:491-498 |
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility » |
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility |
SC (self-compatibel) |
Reference |
Bassett, I.J., Crompton, C.W., Woodland, D.W. 1977: The biology of Canadian weeds. 21. Urtica dioica L.. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 57:491-498 |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
Pollen vector » |
Pollen vector |
wi (wind) Pollen vector group: ab (abiotische Bestäubung) |
Abundance |
always [1] |
Reference |
Bassett, I.J., Crompton, C.W., Woodland, D.W. 1977: The biology of Canadian weeds. 21. Urtica dioica L.. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 57:491-498 |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
Pollen vector |
in (insects) Pollen vector group: zo (Tierbestäubung) |
Abundance |
rare [4] |
Reference |
Greig-Smith, P. 1948: Biological Flora of the British Isles: Urtica dioica L.. Journal of Ecology 36:343-351 |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
Breeding system » |
Breeding system |
X (allogamous) |
Reference |
Anmerkung 2002: vgl. Klassifizierungsschema Abb. |
Flower color » |
Flower colour |
green |
Basic flower colour |
gr (green) |
Reference |
Schubert, R., Jäger, E.J., Werner, K. (Hrsg.) 1987: Exkursionsflora Band 3. Atlas der Gefäßpflanzen. 6. Aufl., Volk und Wissen, Berlin |
Flower class after MUELLER » |
Flower class after MUELLER |
W (wind flowers) Typical pollinators: - |
Flower type after KUGLER » |
Flower type after KUGLER |
0 (not applicable) |
|
Fruit type » |
Fruit type |
Nu (nut) |
Diaspore type » |
Diaspore type |
FZb (fruit with appendage) |
Germinule type » |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Germinule type |
F (fruit) |
Information available |
True |
Development of nutritious appendages |
|
Development of flat appendages |
|
Development of elongated appendages |
|
Development of additional appendages |
|
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Germinule type |
FZb (fruit with appendage) |
Information available |
True |
Development of nutritious appendages |
|
Development of flat appendages |
|
Development of elongated appendages |
|
Development of additional appendages |
always [1] |
Weights » |
Measured object |
Germinule |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
F (fruit) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Weight (minimum) [mg] |
0.1 |
Weight (mean) [mg] |
0.1 |
Weight (maximum) [mg] |
0.2 |
Measured object |
Germinule |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
FZb (fruit with appendage) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Weight (minimum) [mg] |
|
Weight (mean) [mg] |
0.2 |
Weight (maximum) [mg] |
|
Measured object |
Diaspore |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
FZb (fruit with appendage) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Weight (minimum) [mg] |
|
Weight (mean) [mg] |
0.2 |
Weight (maximum) [mg] |
|
Sizes » |
Measured object |
Germinule |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
F (fruit) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Length (minimum) [mm] |
0.8 |
Length (mean) [mm] |
1.2 |
Length (maximum) [mm] |
1.5 |
Width (minimum) [mm] |
0.5 |
Width (mean) [mm] |
0.8 |
Width (maximum) [mm] |
1.0 |
Height (minimum) [mm] |
0.2 |
Height (mean) [mm] |
0.3 |
Height (maximum) [mm] |
0.5 |
Measured object |
Diaspore |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
FZb (fruit with appendage) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Length (minimum) [mm] |
|
Length (mean) [mm] |
2.0 |
Length (maximum) [mm] |
|
Width (minimum) [mm] |
|
Width (mean) [mm] |
1.4 |
Width (maximum) [mm] |
|
Height (minimum) [mm] |
|
Height (mean) [mm] |
|
Height (maximum) [mm] |
|
Measured object |
Germinule |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
FZb (fruit with appendage) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Length (minimum) [mm] |
|
Length (mean) [mm] |
2.0 |
Length (maximum) [mm] |
|
Width (minimum) [mm] |
|
Width (mean) [mm] |
1.4 |
Width (maximum) [mm] |
|
Height (minimum) [mm] |
|
Height (mean) [mm] |
|
Height (maximum) [mm] |
|
special references:
|
Grime, J.P., Mason, G., Curtis, A.V., Rodman, J., Band, S.R., Mowforth, M.A., Neal, A.M., Shaw, S. 1981: A comparative study of germination characteristics in a local flora. Journal of Ecology 69:1017-1069 (Gattung)
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Thompson, K., Band, S.R., Hodgson, J.G. 1993: Seed size and shape predict persistence in soil. Functional Ecology 7:236-241 (Gattung)
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Grime, J.P., Hodgson, J.G., Hunt, R. 1988: Comparative Plant Ecology. Unwin Hyman, London (Gattung)
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Briemle, G. 1996: Farbatlas Kräuter und Gräser. Ulmer, Stuttgart (Gattung)
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Beijerink, W. 1947: Zadenatlas der Nederlandsche Flora. Biol. Stat. Wijster, Wageningen (Gattung)
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Berggren, G. 1981: Atlas of seeds and small fruits of Northwest-European plant species with morphological descriptions. - Part 3 (Salicaceae-Cruciferaceae). Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm (Gattung)
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Brouwer, W., Stählin, A. 1955: Handbuch der Samenkunde. DLG-Verlag, Frankfurt/Main (Gattung)
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Cremer, J., Partzsch, M., Zimmermann, M., Schwär, C., Goltz, H. 1991: Acker- und Gartenwildkräuter: ein Bestimmungsbuch. . Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag, Berlin. (Gattung)
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Hanf, M. 1984: Ackerunkräuter Europas mit ihren Keimlingen und Samen. . BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Wien, Zürich. (Gattung)
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Grassland utilization indicator values » |
Occurrence |
N (fallow lands) |
Guild |
K (forb) |
Mowing tolerance |
4 (between 3 and 5 (sensitive to moderately tolerant to mowing)) |
Grazing tolerance |
8 (between 7 and 9 (well tolerant to very tolerant to grazing)) |
Trampling tolerance |
2 (between 1 and 3 (intolerant to sensitive to trampling)) |
Foraging value |
2 (no or little forage value) |
Foraging value for deer |
2 (no or little forage value) |
|
Habitat » |
Habitat |
L4.2 (null) Alliance: ???
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
Ufer |
Habitat |
L5.2 (null) Alliance: Salicion albae
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
L5.2.3 (null) Alliance: Alno-Ulmion p.p.
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
S2 (###) Alliance: ???
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
eutroph |
Habitat |
T1.1.1 (null) Alliance: Fagion sylvaticae
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
feucht |
Habitat |
T1.3 (null) Alliance: ???
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
T2.2.2 (null) Alliance: Atropion belladonnae
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
T8.2.2 (null) Alliance: Artemisietea vulgaris
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
T9.2 (null) Alliance: ???
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
|
Class » |
English circumscription |
05.5 (Communities of flooded and trampled grasslands) Class: Agrostietea stoloniferae
|
English circumscription |
06.5 (Eusiberian ruderal mugwort and thistles communities, and couch-grasslands) Class: Artemisietea vulgaris
|
English circumscription |
07.2 (Alpine-montane tall herb and small-reed communities) Class: Stellario nemorum-Geranietea sylvatici
|
English circumscription |
07.5 (Nitrophilous tall herb communities) Class: Galio-Urticetea dioicae
|
English circumscription |
09.3 (Willow marsh shrublands) Class: Carici-Salicetea cinereae
|
English circumscription |
09.4 (Willow communities of river banks and floodplains) Class: Salicetea purpureae
|
English circumscription |
09.5 (Blackthorn and buckthorn shrubs) Class: Rhamno-Prunetea spinosae
|
English circumscription |
10.1 (Alder marsh woodlands) Class: Alnetea glutinosae
|
English circumscription |
10.2 (Mesophilous, summer-green deciduous forests) Class: Carpino-Fagetea
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