species information (Systematics, BiolFlor-Names, Status) |
BiolFlor-Name |
family |
german name(s) |
Sonchus arvensis L. |
Asteraceae » |
Acker-Gänsedistel
|
reference |
Kühn, I., Klotz, S. 2002: Systematik, Taxonomie und Nomenklatur. In: Klotz, S., Kühn, I., Durka, W. (Hrsg.): BIOLFLOR - Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland. Schriftenreihe für Vegetationskunde. Bonn »
|
|
Synonymy (taxonomy after Wisskirchen & Haeupler, 1998) |
Sonchus arvensis L. |
accepted |
>Sonchus arvensis subsp. uliginosus (M. Bieb.) Nyman |
accepted |
>Sonchus uliginosus M. Bieb., nom. illeg. (S. oleraceus var. laevis pro syn.) |
Basionym |
>Sonchus arvensis subsp. arvensis |
accepted |
|
Chromosome number » |
Basic chromosome number |
9 |
Chromosome number 2n |
36 |
Chromosome number (Germany) |
False |
Most common chromosome race |
False |
Ploidy level |
4 (tetraploid) |
Ploidy type |
P (polyploid with haploid basic number) |
Reference |
Oberdorfer, E. 1983: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora. Ulmer, Stuttgart |
Basic chromosome number |
9 |
Chromosome number 2n |
54 |
Chromosome number (Germany) |
True |
Most common chromosome race |
False |
Ploidy level |
6 (hexaploid) |
Ploidy type |
P (polyploid with haploid basic number) |
Reference |
Oberdorfer, E. 1983: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora. Ulmer, Stuttgart |
Basic chromosome number |
8 |
Chromosome number 2n |
64 |
Chromosome number (Germany) |
False |
Most common chromosome race |
False |
Ploidy level |
|
Ploidy type |
|
Reference |
Oberdorfer, E. 1983: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora. Ulmer, Stuttgart |
|
Life form » |
Life form |
H (Hemicryptophyte) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Life span » |
Life span |
p (pluriennial-pollakanthic) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Vegetative propagation » |
Vegetative propagation |
ws (Root shoot) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Root metamorphoses » |
Root metamorphoses |
ws (Root shoot) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Rosettes » |
Rosettes |
h (Hemirosette plant) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
special references:
|
Hutchinson, I., Colosi, J., Lewin, R.A. 1984: The biology of Canadian weeds. 63. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill and S. oleraceus L.. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 64:731-744
|
Lemna, W.K., Messersmith, C.G. 1990: The biology of Canadian weeds. 94. Sonchus arvensis L.. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70:509-532
|
Meusel, H. 1952: Über Wuchsform, Verbreitung und Phylogenie einiger mediterran mitteleuropäischer Angiospermen-Gattungen. Flora 139:333-393
|
Irmisch, T. 1857: Über die Keimung und Erneuerungsweise von Convolvulus sepium, C. arvensis, sowie über hypokotylische Adventivknospen bei krautigen phanerogamen Pflanzen. Bot. Ztg. 15:433-443
|
Håkansson, S. 1969: Experiments with Sonchus arvensis L. I. Development and growth, and response to burial and defoliation in different developmental stages. Lantbrukshögskolans Annaler 35:989-1030
|
Wittrock, V.B. 1884: Über Wurzelsprosse bei krautigen Gewächsen, mit besonderer Rücksicht auf ihre verschiedene biologische Bedeutung. Biol. Centralbl. 17:227-232
|
Rauh, W. 1937: Die Bildung von Hypokotyl- und Wurzelsprossen und ihre Bedeutung für die Wuchsformen der Pflanzen. Nova Acta Leopold. N. F. 4:395-553
|
Raju, M.V., Steeves, T.A., Coupland, R.T. 1964: On the regeneration of root fragments of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.). Weed Research 4:2-11
|
Håkansson, S., Wallgren, B. 1972: Experiments with Sonchus arvensis L. II. Reproduction, plant development and response to mechanical disturbance. Swed. J. agric. Res. 2:15-26
|
Håkansson, S., Wallgren, B. 1972: Experiments with Sonchus arvensis L. III. The development from reproductive root cut into different length and planted at different depths, with and without competition from barley. Swed. J. agric. Res. 2:3-14
|
Kondrateva-Melvil, E.A. 1957: Shoot formation on roots in some herbaceous species. Vestn. Leningradsk. Univ. Ser. Biol. 1:21-37
|
Håkansson, S. 1982: Multiplication, growth and persistence of perennial weeds. In: Holzner, W., Numata, N. (Hrsg.) Biology and ecology of weeds, S. 123-135, Junk Publ., The Hague
|
Irmisch, T. 1860: Kurze Bemerkungen über die perennierenden Sonchus-Arten der deutschen Flora. Verhandlungen der Botanischen Vereinigung Berlin Brandenburg 2:117-122
|
Jäger, E.J. 1957: Über Wuchsform, Wuchsrhythmus und Verbreitung einheimischer Wiesenasteraceen. Dipl.-Arb. Univ. Halle.
|
|
Flowering phenology » |
Begin of flowering (months) |
7 |
End of flowering (months) |
10 |
Duration of flowering (months) |
4 |
Number of flowering phases |
0 |
Symphenological Groups » |
Phenological group |
7 (Ligustrum-Stachys sylvatica-Phase) Phenological season: end of early summer |
Reference |
Dierschke, H 1995: Phänologische und symphänologische Artengruppen von Blütenpflanzen in Mitteleuropa. Tuexenia 15: 523-560 |
|
Type of reproduction » |
Type of reproduction |
sv (by seed and vegetatively) |
Reference |
Lemna, W.K., Messersmith, C.G. 1990: The biology of Canadian weeds. 94. Sonchus arvensis L.. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70:509-532 |
Type of seed production » |
Type of seed production |
s (amphimictic, sexual) |
Reference |
Lemna, W.K., Messersmith, C.G. 1990: The biology of Canadian weeds. 94. Sonchus arvensis L.. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70:509-532 |
Dicliny » |
Dicliny |
so (hermaphroditic) |
Abundance |
always [1] |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Dichogamy » |
Dichogamy |
a2 (protandrous) |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility » |
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility |
SI (self-incompatibel) |
Reference |
Holm, L., Doll, J., Holm, E., Pancho, J., Herberger, J. 1997: World Weeds. John Wiley & Sons, New York |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
SI mechanism » |
SI mechanism |
SSI (sporophytic self-incompatibility) |
Reference |
de Nettancourt, D. 1977: Incompatibility in angiosperms. Springer, Berlin |
Pollen vector » |
Pollen vector |
se (selfing) Pollen vector group: se (Selbstbestäubung) |
Abundance |
at failure of outcrossing [7] |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
Pollen vector |
in (insects) Pollen vector group: zo (Tierbestäubung) |
Abundance |
always [1] |
Reference |
Lemna, W.K., Messersmith, C.G. 1990: The biology of Canadian weeds. 94. Sonchus arvensis L.. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70:509-532 |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
Breeding system » |
Breeding system |
X (allogamous) |
Reference |
Anmerkung 2002: xenogam, da SI |
Floral rewards » |
Floral rewards |
1 (nectar) |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Amount of floral reward |
3 (present) |
Flower color » |
Flower colour |
golden yellow |
Basic flower colour |
g (yellow) |
Reference |
Schubert, R., Jäger, E.J., Werner, K. (Hrsg.) 1987: Exkursionsflora Band 3. Atlas der Gefäßpflanzen. 6. Aufl., Volk und Wissen, Berlin |
UV reflection of the flower » |
UV reflection in the periphery of the flower |
4 (28-39 %) |
UV reflection in the centre of the flower |
1 (0-7 %) |
UV reflection pattern |
1 (UV reflectance pattern present) |
Flower class after MUELLER » |
Flower class after MUELLER |
B` (flower associations with totally hidden nectar) Typical pollinators: bees, bumble bees, wasps, bombylides, syrphids |
Flower type after KUGLER » |
Flower type after KUGLER |
7.2b (flower heads, Asteraceae, only ray flowers) |
|
Fruit type » |
Fruit type |
Nu (nut) |
Diaspore type » |
Diaspore type |
F (fruit) |
Diaspore type |
FZb (fruit with appendage) |
Germinule type » |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Germinule type |
F (fruit) |
Information available |
True |
Development of nutritious appendages |
|
Development of flat appendages |
|
Development of elongated appendages |
|
Development of additional appendages |
|
Weights » |
Measured object |
Germinule |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
F (fruit) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Weight (minimum) [mg] |
|
Weight (mean) [mg] |
0.5 |
Weight (maximum) [mg] |
|
Measured object |
Diaspore |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
F (fruit) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Weight (minimum) [mg] |
|
Weight (mean) [mg] |
0.5 |
Weight (maximum) [mg] |
|
Sizes » |
Measured object |
Germinule |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
F (fruit) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Length (minimum) [mm] |
2.5 |
Length (mean) [mm] |
3.2 |
Length (maximum) [mm] |
4.6 |
Width (minimum) [mm] |
1.0 |
Width (mean) [mm] |
1.1 |
Width (maximum) [mm] |
1.4 |
Height (minimum) [mm] |
0.4 |
Height (mean) [mm] |
0.4 |
Height (maximum) [mm] |
0.5 |
Measured object |
Diaspore |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
F (fruit) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Length (minimum) [mm] |
2.5 |
Length (mean) [mm] |
3.2 |
Length (maximum) [mm] |
4.6 |
Width (minimum) [mm] |
1.0 |
Width (mean) [mm] |
1.1 |
Width (maximum) [mm] |
1.4 |
Height (minimum) [mm] |
0.4 |
Height (mean) [mm] |
0.4 |
Height (maximum) [mm] |
0.5 |
Measured object |
Diaspore |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
FZb (fruit with appendage) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Length (minimum) [mm] |
|
Length (mean) [mm] |
10.4 |
Length (maximum) [mm] |
|
Width (minimum) [mm] |
1.0 |
Width (mean) [mm] |
1.1 |
Width (maximum) [mm] |
1.4 |
Height (minimum) [mm] |
0.4 |
Height (mean) [mm] |
0.4 |
Height (maximum) [mm] |
0.5 |
special references:
|
Grime, J.P., Mason, G., Curtis, A.V., Rodman, J., Band, S.R., Mowforth, M.A., Neal, A.M., Shaw, S. 1981: A comparative study of germination characteristics in a local flora. Journal of Ecology 69:1017-1069 (Gattung)
|
Grime, J.P., Hodgson, J.G., Hunt, R. 1988: Comparative Plant Ecology. Unwin Hyman, London (Gattung)
|
Brouwer, W., Stählin, A. 1955: Handbuch der Samenkunde. DLG-Verlag, Frankfurt/Main (Gattung)
|
Cremer, J., Partzsch, M., Zimmermann, M., Schwär, C., Goltz, H. 1991: Acker- und Gartenwildkräuter: ein Bestimmungsbuch. . Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag, Berlin. (Gattung)
|
Hanf, M. 1984: Ackerunkräuter Europas mit ihren Keimlingen und Samen. . BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Wien, Zürich. (Gattung)
|
|
Habitat » |
Habitat |
H1.2.2.2 (null) Alliance: Atriplicion littoralis
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
L4.1 (null) Alliance: ???
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
True |
Annotation |
nur Ufer |
Habitat |
L4.4 (null) Alliance: ???
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
L5.2.5 (null) Alliance: Convolvulion sepium
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
T9.1.1 (null) Alliance: Sperguletalia arvensis
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
T9.1.1.3 (null) Alliance: Polygono-Chenopodion polyspermi
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
|
Class » |
English circumscription |
06.1 (Sea rocket and seaweed strandline and shingle communities) Class: Cakiletea maritimae
|
English circumscription |
06.4 (Annual ruderal communities) Class: Sisymbrietea officinalis
|
English circumscription |
06.5 (Eusiberian ruderal mugwort and thistles communities, and couch-grasslands) Class: Artemisietea vulgaris
|
English circumscription |
06.6 (Chickweed and other field weed communities) Class: Stellarietea mediae
|
English circumscription |
07.5 (Nitrophilous tall herb communities) Class: Galio-Urticetea dioicae
|
|
|
|
Display of complete information for the selected species. Only traits available for the selected species are displayed.
|