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Overview of all traits of a species

species information (Systematics, BiolFlor-Names, Status)
BiolFlor-Name family german name(s)
Mercurialis perennis L. Euphorbiaceae » Wald-Bingelkraut
reference
Kühn, I., Klotz, S. 2002: Systematik, Taxonomie und Nomenklatur. In: Klotz, S., Kühn, I., Durka, W. (Hrsg.): BIOLFLOR - Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland. Schriftenreihe für Vegetationskunde. Bonn »
 
Synonymy (taxonomy after Wisskirchen & Haeupler, 1998)
Mercurialis perennis L. accepted
 
group of traits: Status »
Floristic status »
Floristic status I (indigenous)
Evolutionary origin »
Evolutionary origin n (naturally)
Region of origin »
Region of origin 0 (not specified)
Endemism »
Endemism 0 (not specified)
Reference unbekannt
 
group of traits: Chromosome number »
Chromosome number »
Basic chromosome number 8
Chromosome number 2n 86
Chromosome number (Germany) False
Most common chromosome race False
Ploidy level  
Ploidy type P (polyploid with haploid basic number)
Reference Rothmaler, W. 1990: Exkursionsflora. Band 4, Kritischer Band. 8. Aufl., Verlag Volk und Wissen, Berlin
Basic chromosome number 8
Chromosome number 2n 65
Chromosome number (Germany) True
Most common chromosome race False
Ploidy level 8 (octoploid)
Ploidy type P (polyploid with haploid basic number)
Reference Krähenbühl, M., Küpfer, P. 1995: Le genre Mercurialis (Euphrbiaceae): cytogéographie et évolution du complexe polyploide des M. perennis L., M. ovata Sternb. & Hoppe et M. leiocarpa Sieb. & Zucc.. Candollea 50:411-430
Basic chromosome number 8
Chromosome number 2n 58
Chromosome number (Germany) False
Most common chromosome race False
Ploidy level  
Ploidy type P (polyploid with haploid basic number)
Reference Rothmaler, W. 1990: Exkursionsflora. Band 4, Kritischer Band. 8. Aufl., Verlag Volk und Wissen, Berlin
Basic chromosome number 8
Chromosome number 2n 77
Chromosome number (Germany) True
Most common chromosome race False
Ploidy level 10 (decaploid)
Ploidy type P (polyploid with haploid basic number)
Reference Krähenbühl, M., Küpfer, P. 1995: Le genre Mercurialis (Euphrbiaceae): cytogéographie et évolution du complexe polyploide des M. perennis L., M. ovata Sternb. & Hoppe et M. leiocarpa Sieb. & Zucc.. Candollea 50:411-430
Basic chromosome number 8
Chromosome number 2n 66
Chromosome number (Germany) True
Most common chromosome race False
Ploidy level 8 (octoploid)
Ploidy type P (polyploid with haploid basic number)
Reference Krähenbühl, M., Küpfer, P. 1995: Le genre Mercurialis (Euphrbiaceae): cytogéographie et évolution du complexe polyploide des M. perennis L., M. ovata Sternb. & Hoppe et M. leiocarpa Sieb. & Zucc.. Candollea 50:411-430
Basic chromosome number 8
Chromosome number 2n 84
Chromosome number (Germany) False
Most common chromosome race False
Ploidy level 10 (decaploid)
Ploidy type P (polyploid with haploid basic number)
Reference Rothmaler, W. 1990: Exkursionsflora. Band 4, Kritischer Band. 8. Aufl., Verlag Volk und Wissen, Berlin
Basic chromosome number 8
Chromosome number 2n 64
Chromosome number (Germany) True
Most common chromosome race False
Ploidy level 8 (octoploid)
Ploidy type P (polyploid with haploid basic number)
Reference Rothmaler, W. 1990: Exkursionsflora. Band 4, Kritischer Band. 8. Aufl., Verlag Volk und Wissen, Berlin
Basic chromosome number 8
Chromosome number 2n 56
Chromosome number (Germany) False
Most common chromosome race False
Ploidy level  
Ploidy type P (polyploid with haploid basic number)
Reference Goldblatt, P., Johnson, D.E. 1998: Index to plant chromosome numbers 1994-1995. Monographs in Systematic Botany 69:1-208
Basic chromosome number 8
Chromosome number 2n 54
Chromosome number (Germany) False
Most common chromosome race False
Ploidy level  
Ploidy type P (polyploid with haploid basic number)
Reference Goldblatt, P., Johnson, D.E. 1998: Index to plant chromosome numbers 1994-1995. Monographs in Systematic Botany 69:1-208
Basic chromosome number 8
Chromosome number 2n 52
Chromosome number (Germany) False
Most common chromosome race False
Ploidy level  
Ploidy type P (polyploid with haploid basic number)
Reference Goldblatt, P., Johnson, D.E. 1998: Index to plant chromosome numbers 1994-1995. Monographs in Systematic Botany 69:1-208
Basic chromosome number 8
Chromosome number 2n 64
Chromosome number (Germany) True
Most common chromosome race False
Ploidy level 8 (octoploid)
Ploidy type P (polyploid with haploid basic number)
Reference Krähenbühl, M., Küpfer, P. 1995: Le genre Mercurialis (Euphrbiaceae): cytogéographie et évolution du complexe polyploide des M. perennis L., M. ovata Sternb. & Hoppe et M. leiocarpa Sieb. & Zucc.. Candollea 50:411-430
Basic chromosome number 8
Chromosome number 2n 78
Chromosome number (Germany) True
Most common chromosome race False
Ploidy level 10 (decaploid)
Ploidy type P (polyploid with haploid basic number)
Reference Krähenbühl, M., Küpfer, P. 1995: Le genre Mercurialis (Euphrbiaceae): cytogéographie et évolution du complexe polyploide des M. perennis L., M. ovata Sternb. & Hoppe et M. leiocarpa Sieb. & Zucc.. Candollea 50:411-430
Basic chromosome number 8
Chromosome number 2n 62
Chromosome number (Germany) True
Most common chromosome race False
Ploidy level 8 (octoploid)
Ploidy type P (polyploid with haploid basic number)
Reference Krähenbühl, M., Küpfer, P. 1995: Le genre Mercurialis (Euphrbiaceae): cytogéographie et évolution du complexe polyploide des M. perennis L., M. ovata Sternb. & Hoppe et M. leiocarpa Sieb. & Zucc.. Candollea 50:411-430
Basic chromosome number 8
Chromosome number 2n 79
Chromosome number (Germany) True
Most common chromosome race False
Ploidy level 10 (decaploid)
Ploidy type P (polyploid with haploid basic number)
Reference Krähenbühl, M., Küpfer, P. 1995: Le genre Mercurialis (Euphrbiaceae): cytogéographie et évolution du complexe polyploide des M. perennis L., M. ovata Sternb. & Hoppe et M. leiocarpa Sieb. & Zucc.. Candollea 50:411-430
Basic chromosome number 8
Chromosome number 2n 83
Chromosome number (Germany) True
Most common chromosome race False
Ploidy level 10 (decaploid)
Ploidy type P (polyploid with haploid basic number)
Reference Krähenbühl, M., Küpfer, P. 1995: Le genre Mercurialis (Euphrbiaceae): cytogéographie et évolution du complexe polyploide des M. perennis L., M. ovata Sternb. & Hoppe et M. leiocarpa Sieb. & Zucc.. Candollea 50:411-430
Basic chromosome number 8
Chromosome number 2n 80
Chromosome number (Germany) True
Most common chromosome race True
Ploidy level 10 (decaploid)
Ploidy type P (polyploid with haploid basic number)
Reference Krähenbühl, M., Küpfer, P. 1995: Le genre Mercurialis (Euphrbiaceae): cytogéographie et évolution du complexe polyploide des M. perennis L., M. ovata Sternb. & Hoppe et M. leiocarpa Sieb. & Zucc.. Candollea 50:411-430
Basic chromosome number 8
Chromosome number 2n 42
Chromosome number (Germany) False
Most common chromosome race False
Ploidy level 5 (pentaploid)
Ploidy type P (polyploid with haploid basic number)
Reference Oberdorfer, E. 1983: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora. Ulmer, Stuttgart
 
group of traits: DNA content »
DNA content »
DNA content (pg/2C) 4.7
Chromosome number 64
Quality chromosome number known and occurring in Germany [b]
Authorised in BENNET & LEITCH 2001 True
Reference Bennett, M.D., Smith, J.S. 1976: Nuclear DNA amounts in angiosperms. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 274:227-274
 
group of traits: Phylogeny »
Phylogeny code »
Phylogeny code BBBBBBBBBABBBBBBABBA
 
group of traits: Morphology »
Life form »
Life form G (Geophyte)
Qualifier always [1]
Life span »
Life span p (pluriennial-pollakanthic)
Qualifier always [1]
Vegetative propagation »
Vegetative propagation a (Runner)
Qualifier always [1]
Storage organs »
Storage organs a (Runner)
Qualifier always [1]
Shoot metamorphoses »
Shoot metamorphoses a (Runner)
Qualifier always [1]
Rosettes »
Rosettes r (Erosulate plant)
Qualifier always [1]
special references:
Mukerji, S.K. 1936: Contribution to the autecology of Mercurialis perennis. Journal of Ecology 24:38-81
Warming, E. 1918: Om Jordudløbere. K. Dansk. Selsk. Vidensk. Skr. , Naturvid. og Mathem. Afd. 8. R. II:295-378
Hutchings, M.J., Barkham, J.P. 1976: An investigation of shoot interactions in Mercurialis perennis L., a rhizomatous perennial herb. Journal of Ecology 64:723-743
Lukasiewicz, A. 1962: Morfologizno-rozwojowe typy bylin (Morphologic development types of perennials). The Poznan Soc. of Friends of Science. Dept. math. -nat. Sci. Publ. Ser. Biol. (Posen) 27:1-398
Raunkiaer, C. 1934: The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Oxford
Salisbury, E. 1952: Downs and dunes. Their plant life and its environment. Bells & Sons, London
 
group of traits: Leaf traits »
Leaf persistence »
Leaf persistence s (summer green)
Leaf anatomy »
Leaf anatomy y (hygromorphic)
Leaf form »
Leaf form norm (simple)
 
group of traits: Flowering phenology »
Flowering phenology »
Begin of flowering (months) 4
End of flowering (months) 5
Duration of flowering (months) 2
Number of flowering phases 0
Symphenological Groups »
Phenological group 2 (Acer platanoides-Anemone nemorosa-Phase)
Phenological season: start of early spring
Reference Dierschke, H 1995: Phänologische und symphänologische Artengruppen von Blütenpflanzen in Mitteleuropa. Tuexenia 15: 523-560
 
group of traits: Floral and reproductive biology »
Type of reproduction »
Type of reproduction sv (by seed and vegetatively)
Reference Krumbiegel, A. 2002: Morphologie der vegetativen Organe (außer Blätter). In: Klotz, S., Kühn, I., Durka, W. (Hrsg.) BiolFlor - Biologisch-ökologische Daten zur Flora Deutschlands, S. 1-2, Bonn
Type of seed production »
Type of seed production s (amphimictic, sexual)
Reference Proctor, M.C.F., Yeo, P., Lack, A. 1996: The natural history of pollination. HarperCollins Publishers, London
Dicliny »
Dicliny do (dioecious)
Abundance the rule [2]
Reference Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig
Dichogamy »
Dichogamy g2 (protogynous)
Reference Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig
Pollen vector »
Pollen vector wi (wind)
Pollen vector group: ab (abiotische Bestäubung)
Abundance the rule [2]
Reference Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig
Systematic reference species [S]
Breeding system »
Breeding system X (allogamous)
Reference Anmerkung 2002: vgl. Klassifizierungsschema Abb.
Floral rewards »
Floral rewards 1 (nectar)
Reference Daumann, E. 1972: Zur Blütenmorphologie und Bestäubungsökologie von Mercurialis L.. Preslia (Praha) 44:308-315
Amount of floral reward 3 (present)
Floral rewards 1 (nectar)
Reference Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig
Amount of floral reward 1 (none)
Flower color »
Flower colour yellow green, green
Basic flower colour gr (green)
Reference Schubert, R., Jäger, E.J., Werner, K. (Hrsg.) 1987: Exkursionsflora Band 3. Atlas der Gefäßpflanzen. 6. Aufl., Volk und Wissen, Berlin
UV reflection of the flower »
UV reflection in the periphery of the flower 2 (8-15 %)
UV reflection in the centre of the flower 2 (8-15 %)
UV reflection pattern 0 (no UV reflectance patterns)
Flower class after MUELLER »
Flower class after MUELLER W (wind flowers)
Typical pollinators: -
Flower type after KUGLER »
Flower type after KUGLER 0 (not applicable)
 
group of traits: Seed traits »
Fruit type »
Fruit type Ka (capsule)
Diaspore type »
Diaspore type S (seed)
Germinule type »
Heteromorphic type n (not heteromorphic)
Germinule type S (seed)
Information available True
Development of nutritious appendages always [1]
Development of flat appendages  
Development of elongated appendages  
Development of additional appendages  
Weights »
Measured object Germinule
Type of germinule or diaspore S (seed)
Constraint False
Heteromorphic type n (not heteromorphic)
Weight (minimum) [mg]  
Weight (mean) [mg] 11.4
Weight (maximum) [mg]  
Measured object Diaspore
Type of germinule or diaspore S (seed)
Constraint False
Heteromorphic type n (not heteromorphic)
Weight (minimum) [mg]  
Weight (mean) [mg] 11.4
Weight (maximum) [mg]  
Sizes »
Measured object Germinule
Type of germinule or diaspore S (seed)
Constraint False
Heteromorphic type n (not heteromorphic)
Length (minimum) [mm] 2.5
Length (mean) [mm] 2.9
Length (maximum) [mm] 3.5
Width (minimum) [mm] 2.5
Width (mean) [mm] 2.8
Width (maximum) [mm] 3.5
Height (minimum) [mm] 2.5
Height (mean) [mm] 2.8
Height (maximum) [mm] 3.5
Measured object Diaspore
Type of germinule or diaspore S (seed)
Constraint False
Heteromorphic type n (not heteromorphic)
Length (minimum) [mm] 2.5
Length (mean) [mm] 2.9
Length (maximum) [mm] 3.5
Width (minimum) [mm] 2.5
Width (mean) [mm] 2.8
Width (maximum) [mm] 3.5
Height (minimum) [mm] 2.5
Height (mean) [mm] 2.8
Height (maximum) [mm] 3.5
special references:
Grime, J.P., Mason, G., Curtis, A.V., Rodman, J., Band, S.R., Mowforth, M.A., Neal, A.M., Shaw, S. 1981: A comparative study of germination characteristics in a local flora. Journal of Ecology 69:1017-1069 (Gattung)
Grime, J.P., Hodgson, J.G., Hunt, R. 1988: Comparative Plant Ecology. Unwin Hyman, London (Gattung)
Anderberg, A.L. 1994: Atlas of seeds and small fruits of Northwest-European plant species with morphological descriptions. - Part 4 (Resedaceae - Umbelliferae). Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm (Gattung)
Beijerink, W. 1947: Zadenatlas der Nederlandsche Flora. Biol. Stat. Wijster, Wageningen (Gattung)
Brouwer, W., Stählin, A. 1955: Handbuch der Samenkunde. DLG-Verlag, Frankfurt/Main (Gattung)
Cremer, J., Partzsch, M., Zimmermann, M., Schwär, C., Goltz, H. 1991: Acker- und Gartenwildkräuter: ein Bestimmungsbuch. . Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag, Berlin. (Gattung)
Hanf, M. 1984: Ackerunkräuter Europas mit ihren Keimlingen und Samen. . BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Wien, Zürich. (Gattung)
Lisci, M., Bianchini, M., Pacini, E. 1996: Structure and function of the elaiosome in some angiosperm species. Flora 191:141 (Gattung)
Luftensteiner, H.W. 1982: Untersuchungen zur Verbreitungssbiologie von Pflanzengemeinschaften an vier Standorten in Niederösterreich. Bibliotheca Botanica 135:1-68 (Gattung)
Pacini, E. 1990: Mercurialis annua L. (Euphorbiaceae) seed interactions with the ant Messor structor (Latr.), Hymenoptera: Formicidae. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 39:253-262 (Gattung)
 
group of traits: Ecological strategy »
Strategy type »
Strategy type cs (competitors/stress-tolerators)
 
group of traits: Range »
Floristic zone and altitudinal level »
Floristic zone m (meridional)
Altitudinal level m (montane)
Status natural range
Floristic zone e (submeridional)
Altitudinal level m (montane)
Status natural range
Floristic zone p (southern temperate)
Altitudinal level  
Status natural range
Floristic zone n (northern temperate)
Altitudinal level  
Status natural range
Number of inhabited floristic zones »
Number of inhabited floristic zones 3
Oceanity »
Oceanity os (weak oceanic)
Amplitude of Oceanity: 4
Minimum level of oceantity: continental climate
Maximum level of oceantity: extreme oceanic climate
Status natural range
Floristic region »
Floristic region e (Europe)
Continent of floristic region: e (Europa)
Status natural range
 
group of traits: Hemeroby »
Hemeroby »
Hemeroby o (oligohemerobic)
Hemeroby m (mesohemerobic)
Number of hemerobic levels »
Number of hemerobic levels 2
 
group of traits: Urbanity »
Urbanity »
Urbanity 2 (moderately urbanophobic)
 
group of traits: Habitats »
Habitat »
Habitat L5.2.3 (null)
Alliance: Alno-Ulmion p.p.
Occurrence questionable False
Occurence restricted False
Annotation  
Habitat T1.1.1 (null)
Alliance: Fagion sylvaticae
Occurrence questionable False
Occurence restricted False
Annotation  
 
group of traits: Sociology »
Class »
English circumscription 09.5 (Blackthorn and buckthorn shrubs)
Class: Rhamno-Prunetea spinosae
English circumscription 10.2 (Mesophilous, summer-green deciduous forests)
Class: Carpino-Fagetea
English circumscription 10.4 (Thermophilous dry oak forests)
Class: Quercetea pubescentis-petraeae
 
 
groups of traits for this species
Status »
Chromosome number »
DNA content »
Phylogeny »
Morphology »
Leaf traits »
Flowering phenology »
Floral and reproductive biology »
Seed traits »
Ecological strategy »
Range »
Hemeroby »
Urbanity »
Habitats »
Sociology »


Display of complete information for the selected species. Only traits available for the selected species are displayed.