species information (Systematics, BiolFlor-Names, Status) |
BiolFlor-Name |
family |
german name(s) |
Bellis perennis L. |
Asteraceae » |
Gänseblümchen
|
reference |
Kühn, I., Klotz, S. 2002: Systematik, Taxonomie und Nomenklatur. In: Klotz, S., Kühn, I., Durka, W. (Hrsg.): BIOLFLOR - Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland. Schriftenreihe für Vegetationskunde. Bonn »
|
|
Synonymy (taxonomy after Wisskirchen & Haeupler, 1998) |
Bellis perennis L. |
accepted |
|
Chromosome number » |
Basic chromosome number |
9 |
Chromosome number 2n |
18 |
Chromosome number (Germany) |
True |
Most common chromosome race |
False |
Ploidy level |
2 (diploid) |
Ploidy type |
D (diploid with haploid basic number) |
Reference |
Oberdorfer, E. 1983: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora. Ulmer, Stuttgart |
|
DNA content » |
DNA content (pg/2C) |
2.3 |
Chromosome number |
18 |
Quality |
chromosome number known and occurring in Germany [b] |
Authorised in BENNET & LEITCH 2001 |
True |
Reference |
Bennett, M.D., Smith, J.S. 1991: Nuclear DNA amounts in angiosperms. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 334:309-345 |
DNA content (pg/2C) |
3.9 |
Chromosome number |
18 |
Quality |
chromosome number known and occurring in Germany [b] |
Authorised in BENNET & LEITCH 2001 |
False |
Reference |
Bennett, M.D., Smith, J.S. 1991: Nuclear DNA amounts in angiosperms. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 334:309-345 |
|
Life form » |
Life form |
H (Hemicryptophyte) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Life span » |
Life span |
p (pluriennial-pollakanthic) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Vegetative propagation » |
Vegetative propagation |
rh (Rhizome) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Storage organs » |
Storage organs |
rh (Rhizome) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Shoot metamorphoses » |
Shoot metamorphoses |
rh (Rhizome) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Rosettes » |
Rosettes |
g (Rosette plant) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
special references:
|
Lidforss, B. 1907: Wintergrüne Flora. Lunds Univ. Arsskr. N. F. , Afd. 2, Bd. 2, Nr. 13:1-76
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Kutschera, L., Lichtenegger, E. 1992: Wurzelatlas mitteleuropäischer Grünlandpflanzen. Bd. 2 Pteridophyta und Dicotyledonae (Magnoliopsida). Teil I Morphologie, Anatomie, Ökologie, Verbreitung, Soziologie, Wirtschaft. Fischer, Stuttgart, Jena, New York
|
Raunkiaer, C. 1934: The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Oxford
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Jäger, E.J. 1957: Über Wuchsform, Wuchsrhythmus und Verbreitung einheimischer Wiesenasteraceen. Dipl.-Arb. Univ. Halle.
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|
Flowering phenology » |
Begin of flowering (months) |
1 |
End of flowering (months) |
11 |
Duration of flowering (months) |
11 |
Number of flowering phases |
2 |
Symphenological Groups » |
Phenological group |
1 (Corylus-Leucojum-Phase) Phenological season: pre-spring |
Reference |
Dierschke, H 1995: Phänologische und symphänologische Artengruppen von Blütenpflanzen in Mitteleuropa. Tuexenia 15: 523-560 |
|
Type of reproduction » |
Type of reproduction |
sv (by seed and vegetatively) |
Reference |
Krumbiegel, A. 2002: Morphologie der vegetativen Organe (außer Blätter). In: Klotz, S., Kühn, I., Durka, W. (Hrsg.) BiolFlor - Biologisch-ökologische Daten zur Flora Deutschlands, S. 1-2, Bonn |
Type of seed production » |
Type of seed production |
s (amphimictic, sexual) |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Dicliny » |
Dicliny |
gm (gynomonoecious) |
Abundance |
always [1] |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Dichogamy » |
Dichogamy |
a2 (protandrous) |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility » |
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility |
SC (self-compatibel) |
Reference |
Warwick, S.I., Briggs, D. 1979: The genecology of lawn weeds. 3: Cultivation experiments with Achillea millefolium L., Bellis perennis L., Plantago lanceolata L., Plantago major L. and Prunella vulgaris L. collected from lawn and contrasting grassland habitats. New Phytologist 83:509-536 |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
Pollen vector » |
Pollen vector |
se (selfing) Pollen vector group: se (Selbstbestäubung) |
Abundance |
the rule [2] |
Reference |
Warwick, S.I., Briggs, D. 1979: The genecology of lawn weeds. 3: Cultivation experiments with Achillea millefolium L., Bellis perennis L., Plantago lanceolata L., Plantago major L. and Prunella vulgaris L. collected from lawn and contrasting grassland habitats. New Phytologist 83:509-536 |
Systematic reference |
|
Pollen vector |
in (insects) Pollen vector group: zo (Tierbestäubung) |
Abundance |
the rule [2] |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
Breeding system » |
Breeding system |
AO (autogamous) |
Reference |
Fryxell, P.M. 1957: Modes of reproduction of higher plants. The Botanical Review 23:135-233 |
Floral rewards » |
Floral rewards |
1 (nectar) |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Amount of floral reward |
3 (present) |
Flower color » |
Flower colour |
white to reddish and yellow |
Basic flower colour |
w (white) |
Reference |
Schubert, R., Jäger, E.J., Werner, K. (Hrsg.) 1987: Exkursionsflora Band 3. Atlas der Gefäßpflanzen. 6. Aufl., Volk und Wissen, Berlin |
UV reflection of the flower » |
UV reflection in the periphery of the flower |
3 (16-27 %) |
UV reflection in the centre of the flower |
2 (8-15 %) |
UV reflection pattern |
1 (UV reflectance pattern present) |
Flower class after MUELLER » |
Flower class after MUELLER |
B` (flower associations with totally hidden nectar) Typical pollinators: bees, bumble bees, wasps, bombylides, syrphids |
Flower type after KUGLER » |
Flower type after KUGLER |
7.2c (flower heads, Asteraceae, ray and disk flowers) |
|
Fruit type » |
Fruit type |
Nu (nut) |
Diaspore type » |
Diaspore type |
F (fruit) |
Germinule type » |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Germinule type |
F (fruit) |
Information available |
True |
Development of nutritious appendages |
|
Development of flat appendages |
|
Development of elongated appendages |
sometimes [2] |
Development of additional appendages |
|
Weights » |
Measured object |
Germinule |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
F (fruit) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Weight (minimum) [mg] |
0.1 |
Weight (mean) [mg] |
0.1 |
Weight (maximum) [mg] |
0.1 |
Measured object |
Diaspore |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
F (fruit) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Weight (minimum) [mg] |
0.1 |
Weight (mean) [mg] |
0.1 |
Weight (maximum) [mg] |
0.1 |
Sizes » |
Measured object |
Diaspore |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
F (fruit) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Length (minimum) [mm] |
1.0 |
Length (mean) [mm] |
1.4 |
Length (maximum) [mm] |
1.8 |
Width (minimum) [mm] |
0.5 |
Width (mean) [mm] |
0.8 |
Width (maximum) [mm] |
1.0 |
Height (minimum) [mm] |
|
Height (mean) [mm] |
0.2 |
Height (maximum) [mm] |
|
Measured object |
Germinule |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
F (fruit) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Length (minimum) [mm] |
1.0 |
Length (mean) [mm] |
1.4 |
Length (maximum) [mm] |
1.8 |
Width (minimum) [mm] |
0.5 |
Width (mean) [mm] |
0.8 |
Width (maximum) [mm] |
1.0 |
Height (minimum) [mm] |
|
Height (mean) [mm] |
0.2 |
Height (maximum) [mm] |
|
special references:
|
Grime, J.P., Mason, G., Curtis, A.V., Rodman, J., Band, S.R., Mowforth, M.A., Neal, A.M., Shaw, S. 1981: A comparative study of germination characteristics in a local flora. Journal of Ecology 69:1017-1069 (Gattung)
|
Grime, J.P., Hodgson, J.G., Hunt, R. 1988: Comparative Plant Ecology. Unwin Hyman, London (Gattung)
|
Beijerink, W. 1947: Zadenatlas der Nederlandsche Flora. Biol. Stat. Wijster, Wageningen (Gattung)
|
Brouwer, W., Stählin, A. 1955: Handbuch der Samenkunde. DLG-Verlag, Frankfurt/Main (Gattung)
|
Hanf, M. 1984: Ackerunkräuter Europas mit ihren Keimlingen und Samen. . BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Wien, Zürich. (Gattung)
|
|
Grassland utilization indicator values » |
Occurrence |
GW (commercial grasslands) |
Guild |
K (forb) |
Mowing tolerance |
9 (very tolerant to mowing) |
Grazing tolerance |
8 (between 7 and 9 (well tolerant to very tolerant to grazing)) |
Trampling tolerance |
8 (between 7 and 9 (well tolerant to very tolerant to trampling)) |
Foraging value |
3 (little forage value) |
Foraging value for deer |
2 (no or little forage value) |
|
Habitat » |
Habitat |
T1.3 (null) Alliance: ???
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
Rasen |
Habitat |
T3.4.3 (null) Alliance: Poion alpinae
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
T7.1.2 (null) Alliance: Arrhenatherion
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
T7.2.2 (null) Alliance: Poion alpinae
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
|
Class » |
English circumscription |
05.4 (Commercially used grasslands) Class: Molinio-Arrhenatheretea
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